Predictive model of modified asphalt mixtures with nano hydrated lime to increase resistance to moisture and fatigue damages by the use of deicing agents

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120353

Construction and Building Materials

Volume 265, 30 December 2020, 120353

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120353 Get rights and content

Highlights

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The effect of CMA, NaCl and PA deicing solutions on moisture and fatigue behaviors of asphalt mixtures was investigated.
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ITS and ITF tests and SFE method were applied.
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NHL was used to investigate moisture and fatigue performances of mixtures.
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The GP model was presented to predict TSR and NFR values.
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The two-objective optimization of TSR and NFR was performed to determine the optimal percentage of NHL.

Abstract

Deicing agents are used to dissolving the frost on road surfaces in winter and cold areas. Researchers have evaluated the impact of different deicing agents on the moisture susceptibility performance of asphalt mixtures, but they have not investigated the effect of these agents on fatigue failure and thermodynamic parameters of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, in this research, by investigating the effect of two new deicing agents of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and potassium acetate (PA) as well as sodium chloride (NaCl) traditional agent on moisture and fatigue performances of asphalt mixtures, predictive model of the tensile strength ratio (TSR) and the fatigue life ratio (NFR) using genetic programming (GP) based on the surface free energy (SFE) components and other properties of asphalt mixtures were presented. Nano hydrated lime (NHL) was applied as an asphalt binder modifier and an anti-stripping agent to improve the strength of asphalt mixtures. The results indicated that the saturated mixtures in CMA had the highest indirect tensile strength (ITS) and fatigue life in lower freeze-thaw cycles, while the NaCl-saturated samples had more ITS and fatigue life in higher cycles. The CMA-saturated samples had the greatest TSR and NFR. Using NHL in all saturated samples resulted in increasing TSR and NFR values. Results of SFE method showed that using NHL increased the polar, non-polar and basic components of asphalt binders and decreased their acidic components. Also, using NHL increased the total SFE amount of asphalt binder, enhancing the adhesion of aggregate and asphalt binder and cohesion in asphalt binder membrane, and as a result, improving the moisture resistance in asphalt mixtures. Using 1.5% NHL had the greatest effect on improving adhesion free energy (AFE), cohesion free energy (CFE) and detachment energy (DE). Among deicing solutions, CMA had the highest CFE, in general, and NaCl had the best DE values. PA-saturated samples had the greatest permeability of asphalt mixture (PAM) values. GP model had a high R² 96.4% and 98.3% for TSR and NFR, respectively. Using GP model to achieve the maximum TSR and NFR, the Pareto curve showed that 1.32% NHL was the optimum value for simultaneously increasing moisture resistance and fatigue life.

Introduction

Freezing of the surface of an asphalt road is a natural phenomenon that reduces the coefficient of friction drastically by removing the wheel’s contact with the surface, makes it difficult to control vehicles and will also increase the number of crashes. The best way to deal with freezing of the road surfaces is to use deicing agents. The basis of this approach is to prevent the bonding of the road surface with ice and compressed snow and also reduce freezing temperatures depending on their properties. These agents, despite their advantages, due to their chemical properties as well as penetration into asphalt texture during freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles, will cause pavement damages [1]. The penetration of moisture from deicing agents into the pavement layers and its synchronization with the traffic loading will eliminate the adhesion on the contact surface of aggregate and asphalt binder and will intensify the moisture susceptibility and damages caused by fatigue of asphalt mixtures [2], [3], [4], [5]. One of the ways to increase the moisture and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures against damages is to modify the properties of aggregates to make them hydrophobic [6], [7], [8], [9] and to improve the engineering specifications of asphalt binders using anti-stripping agents [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] to increase the cohesion in asphalt binder membrane and the adhesion of aggregate and asphalt binder.

Because moisture damage was first known in hot mix asphalt (HMA) as a type of distress, much effort has been performed to define the basic mechanisms and conduct tests to predict the occurrence of this damage. Moisture penetrates the asphalt tissue and weakens it, making it more prone to failure during loading. The presence of moisture, in addition to reducing the strength and hardness of mixtures, causes various stresses in the pavement. Using anti-stripping agents can decrease the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures, creating a barrier against water on the aggregate surface and protecting it from water, which ultimately improves its adhesion to bitumen. By improving the interfacial tension in the aggregate-asphalt system, these materials amend the moisture performance of the mixtures [15].

One other of the most common failures in the pavement is fatigue, which has a remarkable impact on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures and depends on several factors including bitumen properties and loading conditions, and not paying proper attention to it can cause alligator cracking on the pavement surface [16], [17].

Several studies have been performed on the asphalt mixtures performance under the influence of deicing agents. In some of them, deicing agents have been applied as a filler and a substitute for aggregates [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], and in other studies, the effects of these agents on road safety and slipperiness, cyclic conditions, and pH values have been investigated [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]. However, since the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of these agents on the damages caused by using deicing agents, similar studies have been briefly described.

Many studies have investigated the effect of deicers on asphalt mixtures. McCutcheon et al. (1998) found that some deicing agents are more sensitive to the F-T cycle [29]. Hassan et al. studied the effect of some deicing chemicals on the damages of asphalt mixtures due to moisture in solutions of different concentrations and results indicated the critical concentration for all deicers was 1% to 2% [4], [30], [31]. Alatyppö et al. indicated there was no significant difference between the chemical structures of asphalt binder boiled in deicing solutions. However, the weight of the boiled specimens in salt decreased [32], [33]. Apeagyei et al. (2009) stated that the possibility of alkali-silica reaction in mixtures manufactured of fused silica aggregates with the calcium hydroxide anti-stripping agent, which was exposed to potassium acetate (PA) deicing solution, is probable, but further investigation is needed [34]. Shi et al. (2009) stated that deicers damage to pavement materials is caused by a physical, chemical, or combined reaction [3]. Goh et al. (2011) showed that two stronger deicing solutions of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride and a weaker deicing solution of sodium chloride had higher tensile strength values than water saturation conditions [2]. The study conducted by Santagata et al. (2013) indicated that the potassium formate solution as an anti-deicer caused a significant loss in the adhesion of aggregate and asphalt binder for all specimens [35]. Fakhri et al. (2019) showed that CaCl₂ deicing solution had a better influence in the ITS and pull-off adhesion tests compared to the two deicing solutions of NaCl₂ and MgCl₂ in the asphalt mixtures [36].

Various studies have explored about surface free energy (SFE) of asphalt mixtures. Kakar et al. (2016) evaluated the SFE and moisture sensitivity of bitumens modified by surfactant based additives and indicated that using this additive decreased SFE [37]. In the study of Sakanlou et al. (2018), the results indicated that using hydrated lime filler decreased AFE between bitumen and aggregates [7]. Hamedi (2018) explored the damage caused by moisture in asphaltic mixtures under the influence of applying nano-coating on the surface of aggregate. The result of the SFE method indicated the aggregate coat by nanoparticle reduced the difference between AFE in dry and moisture conditions, so stripping was decreased [8]. Hamedi et al. (2019) evaluated the impact of anti-stripping agents (a polar copolymer and an ethylene copolymer) on the bitumen cohesion and bitumen-aggregate adhesion under wet and dry conditions using thermodynamic and SFE theories. The results indicated the polar copolymer increased the basic components and reduced the acidic components of SFE of bitumen, which enhanced the adhesion with acidic aggregates prone to damage caused by moisture [38].

According to previous studies, it was found that many studies have been performed on the effects of deicing agents as well as SFE of bitumen and aggregate in base or modified asphalt mixtures under the influence of water. But the innovation of the present study is the investigation of SFE of asphalt materials under the influence of deicing agents to evaluate the adhesion relationships of aggregate and asphalt binder, and also the cohesion in asphalt binder membrane in the presence of deicing agents. In addition, the fatigue failure of asphalt mixtures because of the presence of these agents during F-T cycles is also investigated. The effect of the three deicing agents of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), potassium acetate (PA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on asphalt mixtures was also investigated. The main objectives of the study are:

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Investigating the impact of NHL on the performance of asphalt mixtures under saturated conditions with deicing solutions against moisture and fatigue using mechanical tests,
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Investigating the impact of deicing solutions on thermodynamic components and parameters including AFE of asphalt binder-aggregate, CFE of asphalt binder and detachment energy,
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Investigating the impact of NHL on the SFE of unmodified and modified asphalt binders,
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Investigating the impact of F-T cycles on the performance of asphalt mixtures,
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Presenting a model for predicting moisture and fatigue damages based on the analysis of experimental results using the GP method and optimizing the percentage of NHL additive used to increase the simultaneous resistance against moisture and fatigue damages.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

In this research, a type of limestone aggregate and base asphalt binder (PG 58-22) were used, and the base asphalt binder was modified using an anti-stripping agent called nano hydrated lime (NHL) with different weight percentages of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Since the purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance of asphalt mixtures under the influence of deicing agents, three deicing agents of CMA, PA, and NaCl along with distilled water (DW) were used. The composition of base

Weight and density of asphalt mixtures

The F-T cycles affect the performance of asphalt mixtures [25], [26] and deicing solutions due to their chemical properties can cause the asphalt mixtures to break down. Therefore, in this section, by studying the weight and density of asphalt mixtures in dry and saturated conditions after each cycle of the F-T, their effects were investigated. By examining the samples at the end of each cycle, it was found that by increasing number of F-T cycles increased, the primary darkening of the mixtures

Conclusions

In this research, the effect of various types of deicing solutions, including two new deicing solutions of CMA and PA as well as NaCl on moisture and fatigue behaviors of asphalt mixtures using ITS test, ITF test and SFE method, were evaluated. The impact of using NHL anti-stripping agent on moisture and fatigue performances was also investigated. Finally, a model for predicting TSR and NFR was presented, and the optimal percentage of NHL additive was determined by the two-objective

Recommendations and future research

According to the results of the present study and other studies on the use of deicers, it is recommended that future studies examine the mechanical properties and SFE of materials under the influence of other deicers and compare it with the results of the present study. Deicers can also be applied to other groups of bitumen and other aggregates. In addition, dry and wet dynamic modules test can be applied to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures under the influence of various deicers and

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Hamid Behbahani: Methodology. Gholam Hossein Hamedi: Data curation, Writing - original draft. Vahid Najafi Moghaddam Gilani: Data curation, Investigation, Writing - original draft.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing ﬁnancial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inﬂuence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Jey Oil Refining and Sincoplus (deicing solutions) Companies for their generous help during this study.

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Predictive model of modified asphalt mixtures with nano hydrated lime to increase resistance to moisture and fatigue damages by the use of deicing agents

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials and methods

Weight and density of asphalt mixtures

Conclusions

Recommendations and future research

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgments

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