Abstract
In current chapter, an overview of recently established genetic programming based techniques for strength modeling of concrete has been presented. The comprehensive uniaxial and multiaxial strengths modeling of hardened concrete have been concentrated in this chapter as one of the main area of interests in concrete modeling for structural engineers. For this engineering case the literature has been reviewed and the most applied numerical/analytical/experimental models and national building codes have been introduced. After reviewing the artificial intelligence/machine learning based models, genetic programming based models are presented, with accent on the applicability and efficiency of each model and its suitability. The advantages and weaknesses of the aforementioned models are summarized and compared with existing numerical/analytical/experimental models and national building codes, and a few illustrative examples briefly are presented. The genetic programming based techniques are remarkably straightforward and have enabled reliable, stable, and robust tools for pre-design and design applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aho A, Sethi R, Ullman JD (1986) Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools. Reading (MA): Addison Wesley.
Alavi AH, Gandomi AH (2011) A robust data mining approach for formulation of geotechnical engineering systems. Eng Comput 28(3): 242–274
Alavi AH, Gandomi AH, Heshmati AAR (2010b) Discussion on soft computing approach for real-time estimation of missing wave heights. Ocean Eng 37(13):1239–1240
Alavi AH, Gandomi AH, Mollahasani A, Bolouri J (2013) Linear and Tree-Based Genetic Programming for Solving Geotechnical Engineering Problems. In: Yang XS et al. (eds) Metaheuristics in Water Resources, Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering, Elsevier, Chapter 12, p 289–310
Alavi AH, Gandomi AH, Mollahasani A, Heshmati AAR, Rashed A (2010a) Modeling of Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content of Stabilized Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks. J Plant Nutr Soil Sc 173(3): 368–379
Ansari F, Li Q (1998) High-Strength Concrete Subjected to Triaxial Compression. ACI Mater J 95(6): 747–55
Arιoglu N, Girgin ZC, Arιoglu E (2006) Evaluation of Ratio between Splitting Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength for Concretes up to 120 MPa and its Application in Strength Criterion. ACI Mater J 103(1):18–24
Attard MM, Setunge S (1996) Stress–strain Relationship of Confined and Unconfined Concrete. ACI Mater J 93(5): 1–11
Avram C, Facadaru RE, Filimon I, Mîrşu O, Tertea I (1981) Concrete strength and strains. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, The Netherland:156–178
Babanajad SK, Gandomim AH, Mohammadzadeh DS, Alavi AH (submitted) Comprehensive Strength Modeling of Concrete under True-Triaxial Stress States.
Babanajad SK, Farnam Y, Shekarchi M (2012) Failure Criteria and Triaxial Behaviour of HPFRC Containing High Reactivity Metakaolin and Silica Fume. Cnstr Bld Mater 29: 215–229
Babanajad SK, Gandomi AH, Mohammadzadeh DS, Alavi AH (2013) Numerical Modeling of Concrete Strength under Multiaxial Confinement Pressures Using LGP. Autom Cnstr 36: 136–144
Balmer GG (1949) Shearing Strength of Concrete under High Triaxial Stress—Computation of Mohr’s Envelope as a Curve. Structural Research Laboratory, Report SP-23, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, USA 1949
Banzhaf W, Nordin P, Keller R, Francone F (1998) Genetic programming - an introduction. In: on the automatic evolution of computer programs and its application, Heidelberg/San Francisco: dpunkt/Morgan Kaufmann 1998
Billings S, Korenberg M, Chen S (1988) Identification of nonlinear outputaffine systems using an orthogonal least-squares algorithm. Int J Syst Sci 19(8): 1559–1568
Bohwan O, Myung-Ho L, Sang-John P (2007) Experimental Study of 60 MPa Concrete Under Triaxial Stress. Structural Engineers World Congress, Bangalore, India 2007
Boukhatem B, Kenai S, Tagnit-Hamou A, Ghrici M (2011) Application of new information technology on concrete: an overview. J Civ Eng Manage 17 (2): 248–258
Brameier M, Banzhaf W (2001) A comparison of linear genetic programming and neural networks in medical data mining. IEEE Tran Evol Comput 5(1): 17–26
Brameier M, Banzhaf W (2007) Linear Genetic Programming. Springer Science + Business Media, NY, USA, 2007
Bresler B, Pister KS (1958) Strength of concrete under combined stresses. ACI J 55: 321–46
Candappa DC, Setunge S, Sanjayan JG (1999) Stress versus strain relationship of high strength concrete under high lateral confinement. Cem Concr Res 29: 1977–82
Candappa DC, Sanjayan JG, Setunge S (2001) Complete Triaxial Stress Strain Curves of High-Strength Concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 13(3): 209–15
Chen L (2003) A study of applying macroevolutionary genetic programming to concrete strength estimation. J Comput Civ Eng 17(4): 290–294
Chen S, Billings S, Luo W (1989) Orthogonal least squares methods and their application to non-linear system identification. Int J Ctrl 50(5): 1873–1896
Chen L, Wang TS (2010) Modeling Strength of High-Performance Concrete Using an Improved Grammatical Evolution Combined with Macrogenetic Algorithm. J Comput Civ Eng 24(3): 281–8
Cheng MY, Chou JS, Roy AFV, Wu YW (2012) High performance concrete compressive strength prediction using time-weighted evolutionary fuzzy support vector machines inference model. Autom Cnstr 28: 106–115
Cheng MY, Firdausi PM, Prayogo D (2014) High performance concrete compressive strength prediction Genetic Weighted Pyramid Operation Tree (GWPOT). Eng Appl Art Intel 29: 104–113
Chern JC, Yang HJ, Chen HW (1992) Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Multiaxial Loading. ACI Mater J 89(1): 32–40
Chinn J, Zimmerman RM (1965) Behavior of plain concrete under various high triaxial compression loading conditions. Technical Rep. No. WL TR 64–163, University of Colorado, Denver
Chou JS, Chiu CK, Farfoura M; Al-Taharwa I (2011) Optimizing the Prediction Accuracy of Concrete Compressive Strength Based on a Comparison of Data-Mining Techniques. J Comput Civ Eng 25(3); 242–253
Chou JS, Tsai CF (2012) Concrete compressive strength analysis using a combined classification and regression technique. Autom Cnstr 24: 52–60
Cordon WA, Gillespie HA (1963) Variables in concrete aggregates and Portland cement paste which influence the strength of concrete. ACI Struct J 60(8): 1029–1050
Desai CS, Somasundaram S, Frantziskonis G (1986) A hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of geologic materials. Int J Numer Analyt Meth Geomech 10(3): 225–257
Erdal HI, Karakurt O, Namli E (2013) High performance concrete compressive strength forecasting using ensemble models based on discrete wavelet transform. Eng Appl Art Intel 26: 1246–1254
Farnam Y, Moosavi M, Shekarchi M, Babanajad SK, Bagherzadeh A (2010) Behaviour of Slurry In filtrated Fibre Concrete (SIFCON) under triaxial compression. Cem Concr Res 40(11): 1571–1581
Fazel Zarandi MH, Turksen IB, Sobhani J, Ramezanianpour AA (2008) Fuzzy polynomial neural networks for approximation of the compressive strength of concrete. Appl Soft Comput 8: 488–498
Ferreira C (2001) Gene expression programming: a new adaptive algorithm for solving problems. Cmplx Sys 13(2): 87–129
Ferreira C (2006) Gene Expression Programming: Mathematical Modeling by an Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag Publication, 2nd Edition, Germany
Frank IE, Todeschini R (1994) The data analysis handbook. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherland
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH (2013) Hybridizing Genetic Programming with Orthogonal Least Squares for Modeling of Soil Liquefaction. In: Computational Collective Intelligence and Hybrid Systems Concepts and Applications. IGI Global Publishing, in press
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH (2011) Applications of Computational Intelligence in Behavior Simulation of Concrete Materials. In: Yang XS, Koziel S (eds) Computational Optimization & Applications, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, SCI 359, p 221–243
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Arjmandi P, Aghaeifar A, Seyednoor M (2010c) Genetic Programming and Orthogonal Least Squares: A Hybrid Approach to Modeling the Compressive Strength of CFRP-Confined Concrete Cylinders. J Mech Mater Struct 5(5), Mathematical Sciences, UC Berkeley: 735–753
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Kazemi S, Gandomi M (2014a) Formulation of shear strength of slender RC beams using gene expression programming, part I:Without shear reinforcement. Automa Cnstr 42:112–121
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Mirzahosseini MR, Nejad FM (2011c) Nonlinear genetic-based models for prediction of flow number of asphalt mixtures. J Mater Civil Eng 23(3): 248–263
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Sahab MG (2010a) New formulation for compressive strength of CFRP confined concrete cylinders using linear genetic programming. Mater Struct 43(7): 963–983
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Sahab MG, Arjmandi P (2010b) Formulation of Elastic Modulus of Concrete Using Linear Genetic Programming. J Mech Sci Tech 24(6): 1273–8
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Ting TO, Yang XS (2013c) Intelligent Modeling and Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Concrete Strength via Gene Expression Programming. Advances in Swarm Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7928: 564–571
Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Yun GJ (2011b) Nonlinear Modeling of Shear Strength of SFRC Beams Using Linear Genetic Programming. Struct Eng Mech, Techno Press 38(1): 1–25
Gandomi AH, Babanajad SK, Alavi AH, Farnam Y (2012) A Novel Approach to Strength Modeling of Concrete under Triaxial Compression. J Mater Civ Eng 24(9): 1132–43
Gandomi AH, Mohammadzadeh SD, Pérez-Ordóñez JL, Alavi AH (2014b) Linear genetic programming for shear strength prediction of reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Appl Soft Comput 19: 112–120
Gandomi AH, Roke DA (2013) Intelligent formulation of structural engineering systems. Seventh M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics — Focus: Multiphysics & Multiscale, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Gandomi AH, Roke DA, Sett K (2013b) Genetic programming for moment capacity modeling of ferrocement members. Eng Struct 57: 169–176
Gandomi AH, Tabatabaei SM, Moradian MH, Radfar A, Alavi AH (2011a) A new prediction model for the load capacity of castellated steel beams. J Cnstr Steel Res 67(7): 1096–1105
Gandomi AH, Yun GJ, Alavi AH (2013a) An evolutionary approach for modeling of shear strength of RC deep beams. Mater Struct 46: 2109–2119
Girgin ZC, Anoglu N, Anoglu E (2007) Evaluation of Strength Criteria for Very-High-Strength Concretes under Triaxial Compression. ACI Mater J 104(3): 278–84
Golbraikh A, Tropsha A (2002) Beware of q2. J Molecular Graphics M 20: 269–276
Gupta R, Kewalramani MA, Goel A (2006) Prediction of concrete strength using neural-expert system. J Mater Civil Eng 18(3): 462–466
Guven A, Aytek A (2009) New approach for stage–discharge relationship: Gene-expression programming. J Hydrol Eng 14(8): 812–820
Hampel T, Speck K, Scheerer S, Ritter R, Curbach M (2009) High-Performance concrete under biaxial and triaxial loads. J Eng Mech 135(11): 1274–1280
He Z, Song Y (2010) Triaxial strength and failure criterion of plain high-strength and high-performance concrete before and after high temperatures. Cem Concr Res 40: 171–178
Heshmati AAR, Salehzade H, Alavi AH, Gandomi AH, Mohammad Abadi M (2010) A Multi Expression Programming Application to High Performance Concrete. World Appl Sci J 11(11): 1458–66
Hinchberger SD (2009) Simple Single-Surface Failure Criterion for Concrete. J Eng Mech 135(7): 729–32
Hoek E, Brown ET (1980) Underground excavations in rock. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Press, London, 1980
Hsieh SS, Ting EC, Chen WF (1982) Plasticity-fracture model for concrete. Int J Solids Struct 18(3): 577–93
Ilc A, Turk G, Kavčič F, Trtnik G (2009) New numerical procedure for the prediction of temperature development in early age concrete structures. Autom Cnstr 18(6): 849–855
Imran I, Pantazopoulou SJ (1996) Experimental Study of Plain Concrete under Triaxial Stress. ACI Mater J 93(6): 589–601
Javadi AA, Rezania M (2009) Applications of artificial intelligence and data mining techniques in soil modeling. Geomech Eng 1(1): 53–74
Johnston IW (1985) Strength of Intact Geomechanical Materials. J Geotech Eng 111(6): 730–748
Kewalramani MA, Gupta R (2006) Concrete compressive strength prediction using ultrasonic pulse velocity through artificial neural networks. Autom Cnstr 15(3): 374–379
Khan IM (2012) Predicting properties of high performance concrete containing composite cementitious materials using artificial neural networks. Autom Cnstr 22: 516–524
Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection. Cambridge (MA), MIT Press.
Kraslawski A, Pedrycz W, Nyström L (1999) Fuzzy Neural Network as Instance Generator for Case-Based Reasoning System An Example of Selection of Heat Exchange Equipment in Mixing. Neural Comput Appl 8: 106–113
Kuo YL, Jaksa MB, Lyamin AV, Kaggwa WS (2009) ANN-based model for predicting the bearing capacity of strip footing on multi-layered cohesive soil. Comput Geotech 36: 503–516
Lahlou K, Aitcin PC, Chaallal O (1992) Behavior of high strength concrete under confined stresses. Cem Concr Compos 14: 185–193
Lan S, Guo Z (1997) Experimental investigation of multiaxial compressive strength of concrete under different stress paths. ACI Mater J 94(5): 427–433
Légeron F, Paultre P (2003) Uniaxial Confinement for Normal- and High-Strength Concrete Columns. J Struct Eng 129(2): 241–252
Li Q, Ansari F (1999) Mechanics of Damage and Constitutive Relationships for High-Strength Concrete in Triaxial Compression. J Eng Mech 125(1): 1–10
Li Q, Ansari F (2000) High-Strength Concrete in Triaxial Compression by Different Sizes of Specimens. ACI Mater J 97(6): 684–9
Liu HY, Song YP (2010) Experimental study of lightweight aggregate concrete under multiaxial stresses. J Zhejiang Uni-Science A (Applied Physics & Engineering) 11(8): 545–554
Lu X, Hsu CTT (2006) Behavior of high strength concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement in triaxial compression. Cem Concr Res 36: 1679–85
Lu X, Hsu CTT (2007) Stress–strain relations of high strength concrete under triaxial compression. J Mater Civ Eng 19(3): 261–268
Madár J, Abonyi J, Szeifert F (2005) Genetic Programming for the Identification of Nonlinear Input–output Models. Ind Eng Chem Res 44(9): 3178–3186
Marin J, Sole RV (1999) Macroevolutionary algorithms A new optimization method on fitness landscapes. IEEE Trans Evol Comput, Piscataway, NJ, 3(4), pp 272–285
Martinez S, Nilson AH, Slate FO (1984) Spirally Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Columns. ACI J 81(5): 431–442
Mei H, Kiousis PD, Ehsani MR, Saadatmanesh H (2001) Confinement effects on high strength concrete. ACI Struct J 98(4): 548–553
Milani G, Benasciutti D (2010) Homogenized limit analysis of masonry structures with random input properties Polynomial response surface approximation and Monte Carlo simulations. Struct Eng Mech 34(4): 417–445
Mills LL, Zimmerman RM (1970) Compressive strength of plain concrete under multiaxial loading conditions. ACI J 67(10):802–807
Mohammadi Bayazidi A, Wang GG, Bolandi H, Alavi AH, Gandomi AH (2014) Multigene Genetic Programming for Estimation of Elastic Modulus of Concrete. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, NY, USA
Mousavi SM, Aminian P, Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Bolandi H (2012) A new predictive model for compressive strength of HPC using gene expression programming. Adv Eng SW 45: 105–114
Mousavi SM, Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Vesalimahmood M (2010) Modeling of compressive strength of HPC mixes using a combined algorithm of genetic programming and orthogonal least squares. Struc Eng Mech 36(2): 225–241
Mullar KF (1973) Dissertation Technische Universitat Munchen Germany
Nielsen CV (1998) Triaxial behavior of high-strength concrete and mortar. ACI Mater J 95(2): 144–51
Oltean M, Dumitrescu D (2002) Multi expression programming. Technical report UBB-01-2002, Babes-Bolyai University
Oltean M, Grosşan CA (2003a) Comparison of several linear genetic programming techniques. Adv Cmplx Sys 14(4): 1–29
Oltean M, Grossan CA (2003b) Evolving evolutionary algorithms using multi expression programming. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds). 7th European conference on artificial life. Dortmund, LNAI, pp 651–658
Ottosen NS (1977) A failure criterion for concrete. J Eng Mech Div 103(4): 527–535
Pearson (2003) Selecting nonlinear model structures for computer control. J Process Contr 13(1): 1–26
Peng CH, Yeh IC, Lien LC (2010) Building strength models for high-performance concrete at different ages using genetic operation trees, nonlinear regression, and neural networks. Eng Comput 26: 61–73
Rajasekaran S, Amalraj R (2002) Predictions of design parameters in civil engineering problems using SLNN with a single hidden RBF neuron. Comput Struct 80 (31): 2495–2505
Ramezanianpour AA, Sobhani M, Sobhani J (2004) Application of network based neuro-fuzzy system for prediction of the strength of high strength concrete. AKU J Sci Technol 15(59-C): 78–93
Richart E, Brandtzaeg A, Brown RL (1929) Failure of Plain and Spirally Reinforced Concrete in Compression. Bulletin 190, University of Illinois Engineering Experimental Station, Champaign, Illinois
Roy PP, Roy K (2008) On Some Aspects of Variable Selection for Partial Least Squares Regression Models. QSAR Comb Sci 27(3): 302–313
Ryan TP (1997) Modern regression methods. Wiley, New York
Ryan C, Collins JJ, O’Neill M (1998) Grammatical Evolution: Evolving Programs for an Arbitrary Language. In: Banzhaf W, Poli R., Schoenauer M, Fogarty TC (eds), First European Workshop on Genetic Programming, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Ryan C, O’Neill M (1998) Grammatical Evolution: A Steady State Approach. In: Koza JR (ed) Late Breaking Papers Genetic Programming, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Saatcioglu M, Razvi SR (1992) Strength and Ductility of Confined Concrete. J Struct Eng 118(6): 1590–1607
Samaan M, Mirmiran A, Shahawy M (1998) Model of Concrete Confined by Fiber Composites. J Struct Eng 124(9): 1025–1031
Seow PEC, Swaddiwudhipong S (2005) Failure Surface for Concrete under Multiaxial Load— a Unified Approach. J Mater Civ Eng 17(2): 219–228
Setunge S, Attard MM, Darvall PL (1993) Ultimate Strength of Confined Very High-Strength Concretes. ACI Struct J 90(6): 632–41
Sfer D, Carol I, Gettu R, Etse G (2002) Study of the Behavior of Concrete under Triaxial Compression. J Eng Mech 128(2): 156–63
Shahin MA, Jaksa MB, Maier HR (2009) Recent advances and future challenges for artificial neural systems in geotechnical engineering applications. Adv Artif Neur Syst, Hindawi, Article ID 308239
Smith GN (1986) Probability and statistics in civil engineering. Collins, London
Sobhani J, Najimi M, Pourkhorshidi AR, Parhizkar T (2010) Prediction of the compressive strength of no-slump concrete a comparative study of regression, neural network and ANFIS models. Cnstr Bld Mater 24 (5): 709–718
Tang CW (2010) Radial Basis Function Neural Network Models for Peak Stress and Strain in Plain Concrete under Triaxial Stress Technical Notes. J Mater Civ Eng 22(9): 923–934
Topcu IB, Sarıdemir M (2008) Prediction of compressive strength of concrete containing fly ash using artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. Comput Mater Sci 41: 305–311
Wang CZ, Guo ZH, Zhang XW (1987) Experimental Investigation of Biaxial and Triaxial Compressive Concrete Strength. ACI Mater J: 92–100
Willam K, Warnke E (1975) Constitutive model for triaxial behavior of concrete. In: Seminar on Concrete Structure Subjected to Triaxial Stresses, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Bergamo, Italy, 17–19 May 1974, pp 1–30
Xie J, Elwi AE, Mac Gregor JG (1995) Mechanical properties of three high-strength concretes containing silica fume. ACI Mater J 92(2): 1–11
Yeh IC (1998) Modeling concrete strength with augment-neuron networks. J Mater Civ Eng 10(4): 263–268
Yeh IC (2006a) Analysis of strength of concrete using design of experiments and neural networks. ASCE J Mater Civil Eng 18(4): 597–604
Yeh IC (2006b) Exploring concrete slump model using artificial neural networks. J Comput Civ Eng 20(3): 217–21
Yeh IC (2006c) Generalization of strength versus water-cementations ratio relationship to age. Cem Concr Res 36(10): 1865–1873
Yeh IC, Lien LC (2009) Knowledge discovery of concrete material using Genetic Operation Trees. Expert Sys Appl 36: 5807–5812
Yeh IC, Lien CH, Peng CH, Lien LC (2010) Modeling Concrete Strength Using Genetic Operation Tree. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Qingdao, July 2010
Acknowledgment
The author would like to appreciate Dr. Amir H. Gandomi, The University of Akron, for his great assistance throughout the preparation of the current book chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic Supplementary material
Notation
Notation
\( {f}{'}_{{c}}=\mathrm{Compressive}\ \mathrm{Strength}\)
\( {f}{'}_{{t}}=\mathrm{Tensile}\ \mathrm{Strength} \)
\( {\upsigma}_1,\ {\upsigma}_2,{\upsigma}_3=\mathrm{Compressive}\ \mathrm{Strength} \)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Babanajad, S.K. (2015). Application of Genetic Programming for Uniaxial and Multiaxial Modeling of Concrete. In: Gandomi, A., Alavi, A., Ryan, C. (eds) Handbook of Genetic Programming Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20883-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20883-1_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20882-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20883-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)