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Use of genetic programming to diagnose venous thromboembolism in the emergency department

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Abstract

Pulmonary thromboembolism as a cause of respiratory complaints is frequently undiagnosed and requires expensive imaging modalities to diagnose. The objective of this study was to determine if genetic programming could be used to classify patients as having or not having pulmonary thromboembolism using exhaled ventilatory and gas indices as genetic material. Using a custom-built exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzer; exhaled flows, volumes, and gas partial pressures were recorded from patients for a series of deep exhalation and 30 s tidal volume breathing. A diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made by contrast-enhanced computerized tomography angiography of the chest and indirect venography supplemented by 90-day follow-up. Genetic programming developed a series of genomes comprising genes of exhaled CO2, O2, flow, volume, vital signs, and patient demographics from these data and their predictions were compared to the radiological results. We found that 24 of 178 patients had pulmonary embolism. The best genome consisted of four genes: the minimum flow rate during the third 30 s period of tidal breathing, the average peak exhaled CO2 during the first 30 s period of tidal breathing, the average peak of the exhaled O2 during the first 30 s period of tidal breathing, and the average peak exhaled CO2 during the fourth period of tidal breathing, which immediately followed a deep exhalation. This had 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity on the construction population and 100% and 82%, respectively when tested on the separate validation population. Genetic programming using only data obtained from exhaled breaths was very accurate in classifying patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism.

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Acknowledgements

Milo Engoren, MD has no financial involvement or relationship to any product in the manuscript. Jeffrey A. Kline, MD, was issued an US utility patent on the device used for data collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toledo, Medical University of Ohio, St. Vincent Mercy Medical Center, 2213 Cherry Street, Toledo, OH, 43608, USA

    Milo Engoren

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Jeffrey A. Kline

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  1. Milo Engoren
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  2. Jeffrey A. Kline
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Correspondence to Milo Engoren.

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Engoren, M., Kline, J.A. Use of genetic programming to diagnose venous thromboembolism in the emergency department. Genet Program Evolvable Mach 9, 39–51 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-007-9050-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-007-9050-x

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