Power consumption and tool life models for the production process
Introduction
In view of the desire for achieving higher economic growth, emerging economies have paid significant attention in expediting the number of production industries in their respective countries. This has led to an increase in the demand for power and natural resources. Production operations include machining processes (turning, drilling, grinding and milling) and 3-D printing processes which make use of extensive amount of power drawn from the electrical grid (Kuram et al., 2013, CECIMO, 2009, Dang et al., 2007). Among these operations, machining is widely focused and performed in the production industry. Excessive use of power used in driving the machining operations has an adverse impact on the environment. Higher power consumption translates to higher emissions of the toxic gases in the air. The consequences of air pollution are negative on both the environmental and social aspects such as living conditions of the urban population. Thus, the optimization of power performance of production operations will benefit the environment and improve the economic performance of the industry (Lam and Dai, 2015). Performing the production operations for higher economic and environmental performance has led the experts to work extensively towards the environmental conscious production (ECM) or green manufacturing (GM). For example, if the power is drawn from the thermal power station, lowering the power consumption would result in the lower emission of harmful gases, and would result in saving of water resources, if the route chosen for drawn was from hydraulic plants (Bhushan, 2013, Balogun and Mativenga, 2013).
Numerous survey studies (Mukherjee and Ray, 2006, Chandrasekaran et al., 2010, Garg and Tai, 2012, Garg and Tai, 2013a, Garg and Tai, 2013b, Garg et al., 2013a, Garg et al., 2013b, Liu, 2015) conducted on the modelling of machining operations reveal that the focus was on the optimizing the cost and productivity of the production process. Majority focussed on optimizing the surface roughness of the machining operations (Aykut et al., 2007, Li et al., 2000, Kim and Ehmann, 1993, Young et al., 1994, Zheng et al., 1998). To the best of authors' knowledge, less focus has been paid on optimizing the environmental/power characteristics (power consumption and cutting forces) of the machining operations (Pawade et al., 2009, Rajemi et al., 2010, Li and Kara, 2011, Hu et al., 2012, Garg and Lam, 2015). It is known that power is consumed during the different stages (at the time of the machining, after the machining process and during the initial idle time so as to drive motors and auxiliary components such as fans and coolant pumps) of machining process. Machine tool is designed based on the peak power requirement, which is significantly higher than the non-peak power requirement of the machine tools. This results in lower power efficiency of machine tools. Optimization of the power component in machining operations can result in wide applications of lower power rated motors/auxiliary components and thus can prevent wastage of power, thereby improving the environmental impacts of the machining operations (Kant and Sangwan, 2014).
Vital standards for assessing the performance of any production industry are the product quality, tool life, and power efficiency. It is known that the efficiency of machining operations is lower than 30%, and almost 99% of the environmental impacts are from the power consumption (Kant and Sangwan, 2014). Lowering the product quality or the tool life does result in a reduction in power consumption. However, the product would not be accepted by the market. Therefore, there is a need to find a balance between power consumption, product quality, and tool life by effectively determining the optimum input process parameters of the machining operation (Kant and Sangwan, 2014). In the context of optimization of machining operations, the formulation of mathematical model representing the relationship between the outputs (power consumption, tool life, and product quality) and inputs is vital. Due to complexity of the process, the physics-based models may not be able to extrapolate the power consumption and product characteristics simultaneously beyond the input conditions range. Therefore, this problem has indeed been a strong motivation for the authors towards exploring the means of investigating the modelling of power characteristics of the machining operations by soft computing methods.
The present work is described in a structured manner as follows. Section 2 gives a brief description on the soft computing methods used in modelling the environmental characteristics of the machining process. Section 3 summarizes the literature review in a table format illustrating the applications of the soft computing methods used in modelling the environmental performance of the various machining processes. Section 4 provides description on the three advanced soft computing methods suggested as an alternative. Section 5 discusses the details on the experimental data used for exploring the performance of three advanced soft computing methods and the settings of parameters for their implementation. Section 6 discusses the performance of the proposed models. In Section 7, the relationships between the process parameters are revealed from the best model. In Section 8, along with conclusions, the implications and the future work arising from the present work are discussed.
Section snippets
Brief description of soft computing methods
As discussed in Section 1, several soft computing methods including analysis of variance (ANOVA), response surface methodology (RSM), grey relational analysis, Taguchi method, artificial neural network (ANN) were extensively used to predict the environmental characteristics (power consumption, cutting force, etc.) and input variables of the machining processes such as turning and milling. Formulated models predict the values of the environmental characteristics based on the set of values of
Modelling of the production and environmental characteristics of the machining processes: applications and discussions
Authors have compiled the literature (Table 1) on modelling the machining operations using soft computing methods. From Table 1, it is shown that the most widely used method is RSM because it can be applied to the limited set of experiments. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted to determine the significant and redundant inputs in the production processes. However, these statistical methods hold the assumptions such as structure of a model before the problem in hand, normality
Advanced soft computing methods
A brief description of the three advanced soft computing methods, namely GP, MARS, and SVR, is given as follows.
Experimental set-up details of turning of composites for measuring the tool life and power consumption
The experiments on turning phenomenon were performed on the CNC machine. The advantages of using the CNC machine are the low cost of machine and the higher quality of the product. The inputs to this turning process are the feed rate (mm/rev), nose radius (mm), depth of cut (mm) and the cutting speed (m/min). Output process parameters considered are power consumption (W h/Watt hour) and Tool life (min). The optimum combination of these factors can improve productivity and lower the power
Statistical analysis of models formulated from advanced soft computing methods
The models formulated from the three methods (GP, SVR and MARS) are evaluated against the experimental data (Bhushan, 2013) based on the five statistical metrics given by:where Mi and Ai are the predicted and actual values respectively, and are the
Relationships between tool life and power consumption and the four inputs
It is true that the performance of GP model may vary depending on the selection of the training data set. Therefore, GP runs were conducted on the 10 randomly generated training data sets by the cross-validation procedure. From Fig. 4, it is observed that variation (minimum to maximum) of the testing RMSE is quite low and thus it can be concluded that the GP model is able to capture the dynamics of the turning process based on the four inputs.
The relationships of the both outputs with respect
Conclusions and recommendations for future work
The present work conducts a critical survey on applications of soft computing methods in environmental sustainability of machining processes. In addition, the need for formulation of generalized functional expressions for accessing the production and environmental aspects (power consumption) of the production operations is addressed. Alternatively, three advanced soft computing methods, i.e. GP, SVR and MARS, are proposed and their performance is explored in modelling the production and
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by Nanyang Technological University Research Grant ref. M060030008.
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