Abstract
A graph-based approach for the evolution of Context Free Design Grammars is presented. Each genotype is a directed hierarchical graph and, as such, the evolutionary engine employs graph-based crossover and mutation. We introduce six different fitness functions based on evolutionary art literature and conduct a wide set of experiments. We begin by assessing the adequacy of the system and establishing the experimental parameters. Afterwards, we conduct evolutionary runs using each fitness function individually. Finally, experiments where a combination of these functions is used to assign fitness are performed. Overall, the experimental results show the ability of the system to optimize the considered functions, individually and combined, and to evolve images that have the desired visual characteristics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this chapter (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-20883-1_1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
References
E. Baker and M. Seltzer. Evolving line drawings. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pages 91–100. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1994.
J. Bird, P. Husbands, M. Perris, B. Bigge, and P. Brown. Implicit fitness functions for evolving a drawing robot. In Applications of Evolutionary Computing, pages 473–478. Springer, 2008.
J. Bird and D. Stokes. Minimal creativity, evaluation and fractal pattern discrimination. Programme Committee and Reviewers, page 121, 2007.
A. Borrell. CFDG Mutate. http://www.wickedbean.co.uk/cfdg/index.html, last accessed in November 2014.
C. Coyne. Context Free Design Grammar. http://www.chriscoyne.com/cfdg/, last accessed in November 2014.
E. den Heijer and A. E. Eiben. Evolving art with scalable vector graphics. In N. Krasnogor and P. L. Lanzi, editors, GECCO, pages 427–434. ACM, 2011.
Y. Fisher, editor. Fractal Image Compression: Theory and Application. Springer, London, 1995.
D. A. Hart. Toward greater artistic control for interactive evolution of images and animation. In Proceedings of the 2007 EvoWorkshops 2007 on EvoCoMnet, EvoFIN, EvoIASP, EvoINTERACTION, EvoMUSART, EvoSTOC and EvoTransLog, pages 527–536, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007. Springer-Verlag.
J. Horigan and M. Lentczner. Context Free. http://www.contextfreeart.org/, last accessed in September 2009.
C. Incorporated. GIF Graphics Interchange Format: A standard defining a mechanism for the storage and transmission of bitmap-based graphics information. Columbus, OH, USA, 1987.
A. Karperien. Fraclac for imagej. In http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/fraclac/FLHelp/Introduction.htm, 1999–2013.
P. Machado and A. Cardoso. All the truth about NEvAr. Applied Intelligence, Special Issue on Creative Systems, 16(2):101–119, 2002.
P. Machado and H. Nunes. A step towards the evolution of visual languages. In First International Conference on Computational Creativity, Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.
P. Machado, H. Nunes, and J. Romero. Graph-based evolution of visual languages. In C. D. Chio, A. Brabazon, G. A. D. Caro, M. Ebner, M. Farooq, A. Fink, J. Grahl, G. Greenfield, P. Machado, M. ONeill, E. Tarantino, and N. Urquhart, editors, Applications of Evolutionary Computation, EvoApplications 2010: EvoCOMNET, EvoENVIRONMENT, EvoFIN, EvoMUSART, and EvoTRANSLOG, Istanbul, Turkey, April 7–9, 2010, Proceedings, Part II, volume 6025 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 271–280. Springer, 2010.
P. Machado, J. Romero, A. Cardoso, and A. Santos. Partially interactive evolutionary artists. New Generation Computing – Special Issue on Interactive Evolutionary Computation, 23(42):143–155, 2005.
P. Machado, J. Romero, and B. Manaris. Experiments in computational aesthetics: an iterative approach to stylistic change in evolutionary art. In J. Romero and P. Machado, editors, The Art of Artificial Evolution: A Handbook on Evolutionary Art and Music, pages 381–415. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
J. McCormack. Facing the future: Evolutionary possibilities for human-machine creativity. In J. Romero and P. Machado, editors, The Art of Artificial Evolution: A Handbook on Evolutionary Art and Music, pages 417–451. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
T. Mori, Y. Endou, and A. Nakayama. Fractal analysis and aesthetic evaluation of geometrically overlapping patterns. Textile research journal, 66(9):581–586, 1996.
M. O’Neill, J. McDermott, J. M. Swafford, J. Byrne, E. Hemberg, A. Brabazon, E. Shotton, C. McNally, and M. Hemberg. Evolutionary design using grammatical evolution and shape grammars: Designing a shelter. International Journal of Design Engineering, 3(1):4–24, 2010.
M. O’Neill and C. Ryan. Grammatical evolution: evolutionary automatic programming in an arbitrary language, volume 4. Springer, 2003.
M. O’Neill, J. M. Swafford, J. McDermott, J. Byrne, A. Brabazon, E. Shotton, C. McNally, and M. Hemberg. Shape grammars and grammatical evolution for evolutionary design. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, GECCO ’09, pages 1035–1042, New York, NY, USA, 2009. ACM.
F. B. Pereira, P. Machado, E. Costa, and A. Cardoso. Graph based crossover – a case study with the busy beaver problem. In Proceedings of the 1999 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 1999.
B. J. Ross, W. Ralph, and Z. Hai. Evolutionary image synthesis using a model of aesthetics. In G. G. Yen, S. M. Lucas, G. Fogel, G. Kendall, R. Salomon, B.-T. Zhang, C. A. C. Coello, and T. P. Runarsson, editors, Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pages 1087–1094, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 16–21 July 2006. IEEE Press.
R. Saunders and K. Grace. Teaching evolutionary design systems by extending “Context Free”. In EvoWorkshops ’09: Proceedings of the EvoWorkshops 2009 on Applications of Evolutionary Computing, pages 591–596. Springer-Verlag, 2009.
K. Sims. Artificial evolution for computer graphics. ACM Computer Graphics, 25:319–328, 1991.
B. Spehar, C. W. G. Clifford, N. Newell, and R. P. Taylor. Universal aesthetic of fractals. Computers and Graphics, 27(5):813–820, Oct. 2003.
G. Stiny and J. Gips. Shape grammars and the generative specification of paintings and sculpture. In C. V. Freiman, editor, Information Processing 71, pages 1460–1465, Amsterdam, 1971. North Holland Publishing Co.
T. Unemi. SBART2.4: Breeding 2D CG images and movies, and creating a type of collage. In The Third International Conference on Knowledge-based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems, pages 288–291, Adelaide, Australia, 1999.
L. World. Aesthetic selection: The evolutionary art of Steven Rooke. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 16(1), 1996.
Acknowledgements
This research is partially funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, under the grant SFRH/BD/90968/2012; project ConCreTe. The project ConCreTe acknowledges the financial support of the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) programme within the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Commission, under FET grant number 611733. We acknowledge and thank the contribution of Manuel Levi who implemented the Contrasting Colors fitness function.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic Supplementary material
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Machado, P., Correia, J., Assunção, F. (2015). Graph-Based Evolutionary Art. In: Gandomi, A., Alavi, A., Ryan, C. (eds) Handbook of Genetic Programming Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20883-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20883-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20882-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20883-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)