Evolutionary computing in manufacturing industry: an overview of recent applications
Introduction
Real world engineering can be characterised as having chaotic disturbances, randomness and complex non-linear dynamics [1]. Most industrial processes are usually large scale, highly dimensional, non-linear, highly uncertain with complex highly skilled operators to control the process plants. Conventional methods such as trial and error are often used to solve complex optimisation problems. This approach relies on the use of the analyst's qualitative (QL) knowledge to explore the design space [2], [3]. Expensive advanced computational analyses (such as finite element) are also used to understand the behaviour of complex engineering problems. These are often invoked repeatedly during the search process making the optimisation and concept exploration time consuming. This traditional search method often results in sub-optimal solutions due to inherent limitations in incomplete knowledge representation and the fact that elaborate exploration of the design space is inhibited. There is also a tendency to accept local optimal solutions considered to be sufficiently good for the chosen objective due to the following reasons: subjective judgment, similarity to historical result or simply constraint on time to deliver workable solutions. Multiple global optimal solutions are desirable for these classes of problems to give alternative solutions in the presence of increasing dynamic and ill-defined problem space. EC techniques are receiving an increasing interest for solving real world engineering problems. These techniques are proving robust in delivering global optimal quality solutions and are helping to resolve some of the complexity issues encountered in real world problems.
EC is a method of harnessing the power of natural selection to turn computers into optimisation tools. EC is one of the main constituents of soft computing (SC), where SC is a collection of methodologies including neural computing (NC) and fuzzy computation (FC), EC and their various combinations [4]. EC techniques have been successfully applied in many areas including: engineering design optimisation, manufacturing system, process control, medical-diagnosis, and simulation and communication systems.
This paper attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice by exploring the features of classical optimisation algorithms, EC techniques and characteristics of real world problems. The paper surveys recent innovative EC applications in the manufacturing industry in the following areas: metal forming, chemical industry, paper industry, scheduling and process planning, CAD/CAM environment and manufacturing related industries. For each application area, the paper describes the general domain problem, common issues, current trends, and the improvements generated by adopting the EC strategy. All the application problems that are discussed in this paper are used/piloted in the specific industry. The paper concludes with an outline of inhibitors to industrial applications of optimisation algorithms.
Papers from related IEEE Transactions using IEEE Xplore and other related journals over the last 5 years are reviewed here to show reported industrial innovations using EC. The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 describes the algorithmic approaches to optimisation. EC and its components are described in Section 3. The characteristics of real world problems are explored in Section 4. Industrial applications of EC techniques are discussed in Section 5, Section 6 outlines the inhibitors to industrial applications of EC-based techniques, and the concluding remark is given in Section 7.
Section snippets
Algorithmic approaches to optimisation
This section explores the features of classical optimisation algorithms in order to appreciate the difficulties recent EC-based approaches have to overcome to be successful. Literature suggests a number of optimisation techniques for solving optimisation problems. These techniques can be classified into two broad categories: classical and evolutionary.
Most classical algorithms use a point-by-point deterministic procedure for approaching the optimum solution. Such algorithms start from a random
Evolutionary computation
Evolutionary computing techniques are robust and offer exceptional adaptive capabilities to handle non-linear, highly dimensional and complex engineering problems. They do not require explicit knowledge of the problem structure or differentiability, and have ability to provide multiple near-optimal solutions to even ill-defined problems from the expert. The origins of EC can be traced back to 1950s [14], [15], since then several evolutionary algorithms have been proposed, some of which
Characteristics of real world problems
Most real world manufacturing problems are usually large scale, highly dimensional, non-linear and highly uncertain involving interaction with engineers and highly skilled operators that control the process plants. These problems are also characterised by chaotic disturbances, randomness and complex non-linear dynamics [1]. An understanding of the features of real world problems supports algorithmic development to include wider applications of EC-based algorithms in industry. Therefore some of
Evolutionary computation in industry
EC techniques are gaining increased interest in industry. Literature reveals a number of real-life applications of optimisation algorithms, especially EC. Fig. 3 presents a pie chart showing the proportion for different EC techniques in the sample of publications reviewed in this paper. The sampling is not exhaustive and is just intended to give a snap shot of the research efforts for various EC techniques.
The chart in Fig. 3 is fairly intuitive, with each sector representing the percentage
Inhibitors to industrial applications of EC-based optimisation algorithms
Roy et al. [85] carried out a survey of existing literature in the area of real-life optimisation in order to analyse the state-of-the-art evolutionary-based optimisation algorithms and their real-life applications. This was complimented by an industrial survey in which the designers were interviewed using a semi-formal questionnaire as a support tool. This survey enabled the identification of the features of real-life optimisation problems, current status of optimisation in industry and
Concluding remarks
The successful applications of evolutionary computing (EC) suggest that EC will have increasing impact in future. Evolutionary computing is already having an important role on many industrial operations. It provides alternative approaches to traditional analytical problem solving methods (the fundamental limitations of these classical approaches are discussed in Section 2) and it overcomes their shortcomings by its parallel adaptive nature. The main components (GA, GP, EP and ES) of EC were
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