Abstract
Genetic Programming (GP) based symbolic regression is prone to generating complex models which often overfit the training data and generalise poorly onto unseen data. To address this issue, many pieces of research have been devoted to controlling the model complexity of GP. One recent work aims to control model complexity using a new representation called Adaptive Weighted Splines. With its semi-structured characteristic, the Adaptive Weighted Splines representation can control the model complexity explicitly, which was demonstrated to be significantly better than its tree-based counterpart at generalising to unseen data. This work seeks to significantly extend the previous work by proposing a multi-objective GP algorithm with the Adaptive Weighted Splines representation, which utilises parsimony pressure to further control the model complexity, as well as improve the interpretability of the learnt models. Experimental results show that, compared with single-objective GP with the Adaptive Weighted Splines and multi-objective tree-based GP with parsimony pressure, the new multi-objective GP method generally obtains superior fronts and produces better generalising models. These models are also significantly smaller and more interpretable.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agapitos, A., Loughran, R., Nicolau, M., Lucas, S., O’Neill, M., Brabazon, A.: A survey of statistical machine learning elements in genetic programming. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 23(6), 1029–1048 (2019)
Arcuri, A., Briand, L.: A practical guide for using statistical tests to assess randomized algorithms in software engineering. In: 2011 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pp. 1–10. IEEE (2011)
Benítez-Hidalgo, A., Nebro, A.J., García-Nieto, J., Oregi, I., Ser, J.D.: jMetalPy: a python framework for multi-objective optimization with metaheuristics. Swarm Evol. Comput. 100598 (2019). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210650219301397
Blumer, A., Ehrenfeucht, A., Haussler, D., Warmuth, M.K.: Occam’s razor. Inf. Process. Lett. 24(6), 377–380 (1987)
Chen, Q., Zhang, M., Xue, B.: Feature selection to improve generalization of genetic programming for high-dimensional symbolic regression. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 21(5), 792–806 (2017)
Chen, Q., Zhang, M., Xue, B.: Structural risk minimization-driven genetic programming for enhancing generalization in symbolic regression. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 23(4), 703–717 (2019)
Chen, Q., Xue, B., Shang, L., Zhang, M.: Improving generalisation of genetic programming for symbolic regression with structural risk minimisation. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 2016, pp. 709–716. ACM (2016)
Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M.: Improving symbolic regression based on correlation between residuals and variables. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 922–930 (2020)
Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M.: Rademacher complexity for enhancing the generalization of genetic programming for symbolic regression. IEEE Trans. Cybern. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2020.3004361
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., Meyarivan, T.: A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6(2), 182–197 (2002)
Dua, D., Graff, C.: UCI machine learning repository (2017). http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml
Fonseca, C.M., Paquete, L., López-Ibánez, M.: An improved dimension-sweep algorithm for the hypervolume indicator. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1157–1163. IEEE (2006)
Kinzett, D., Johnston, M., Zhang, M.: Numerical simplification for bloat control and analysis of building blocks in genetic programming. Evol. Intel. 2(4), 151–168 (2009)
Koza, J.R., Koza, J.R.: Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, vol. 1. MIT Press, Cambridge (1992)
Koza, J.R., et al.: Genetic Programming II, vol. 17. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)
Le, N., Xuan, H.N., Brabazon, A., Thi, T.P.: Complexity measures in genetic programming learning: a brief review. In: 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 2409–2416. IEEE (2016)
Luke, S., Panait, L.: Fighting bloat with nonparametric parsimony pressure. In: Guervós, J.J.M., Adamidis, P., Beyer, H.-G., Schwefel, H.-P., Fernández-Villacañas, J.-L. (eds.) PPSN 2002. LNCS, vol. 2439, pp. 411–421. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45712-7_40
Luke, S., Panait, L.: Lexicographic parsimony pressure. In: Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 829–836. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. (2002)
Luke, S., Panait, L.: A comparison of bloat control methods for genetic programming. Evol. Comput. 14(3), 309–344 (2006)
McDermott, J., et al.: Genetic programming needs better benchmarks. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 791–798 (2012)
Raymond, C., Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M.: Multi-objective genetic programming for symbolic regression with the adaptive weighted splines representation. In: Proceedings of the 2021 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 165–166 (2021)
Raymond, C., Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M.: Genetic programming with rademacher complexity for symbolic regression. In: 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 2657–2664. IEEE (2019)
Raymond, C., Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M.: Adaptive weighted splines: a new representation to genetic programming for symbolic regression. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 1003–1011 (2020)
Vanneschi, L., Castelli, M., Silva, S.: Measuring bloat, overfitting and functional complexity in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of 2010 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp. 877–884. ACM (2010)
Vlachos, P.: Statlib datasets archive. Department of statistics (1998)
Vladislavleva, E.J., Smits, G.F., Den Hertog, D.: Order of nonlinearity as a complexity measure for models generated by symbolic regression via pareto genetic programming. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 13(2), 333–349 (2008)
Wong, P., Zhang, M.: Algebraic simplification of GP programs during evolution. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 927–934 (2006)
Zhang, M., Wong, P.: Genetic programming for medical classification: a program simplification approach. Genet. Program Evolvable Mach. 9(3), 229–255 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Raymond, C., Chen, Q., Xue, B., Zhang, M. (2022). Multi-objective Genetic Programming with the Adaptive Weighted Splines Representation for Symbolic Regression. In: Medvet, E., Pappa, G., Xue, B. (eds) Genetic Programming. EuroGP 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13223. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02056-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02056-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-02055-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-02056-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)