Abstract
This chapter examines the notion of co-evolving grammars with a population of individuals. This idea has great promise because it is possible to dynamically reshape the solution space while evolving individuals. We compare such a system with a more standard system with fixed grammars and demonstrate that, on a selection of benchmark problems, the standard approach appears to be better. Several different context free grammars, including one inspired by Koza’s GPPS system are examined, and a number of surprising results appear, which indicate that several representative GP benchmark problems are best tackled by a standard GP approach.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hornby, Gregory Scott (2003). Generative Representations for Evolutionary Design Automation. PhD thesis, Brandeis University, Dept. of Computer Science, Boston, MA, USA.
Jacob, Christian (1994). Genetic L-system programming. In Davidor, Yuval, Schwefel, Hans-Paul, and Männer, Reinhard, editors, Parallel Problem Solving from Nature III, volume 866 of LNCS, pages 334–343, Jerusalem. Springer-Verlag.
Janikow, Cezary Z. (2004). Adapting representation in genetic programming. In Deb, Kalyanmoy, Poli, Riccardo, Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Beyer, Hans-Georg, Burke, Edmund, Darwen, Paul, Dasgupta, Dipankar, Floreano, Dario, Foster, James, Harman, Mark, Holland, Owen, Lanzi, Pier Luca, Spector, Lee, Tettamanzi, Andrea, Thierens, Dirk, and Tyrrell, Andy, editors, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation — GECCO-2004, Part II, volume 3103 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 507–518, Seattle, WA, USA. Springer-Verlag.
Keller, Robert E. and Banzhaf, Wolfgang (1999). The evolution of genetic code in genetic programming. In Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Daida, Jason, Eiben, Agoston E., Garzon, Max H., Honavar, Vasant, Jakiela, Mark, and Smith, Robert E., editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, volume 2, pages 1077–1082, Orlando, Florida, USA. Morgan Kaufmann.
Keller, Robert E. and Banzhaf, Wolfgang (2001). Evolution of genetic code on a hard problem. In Spector, Lee, Goodman, Erik D., Wu, Annie, Langdon, W. B., Voigt, Hans-Michael, Gen, Mitsuo, Sen, Sandip, Dorigo, Marco, Pezeshk, Shahram, Garzon, Max H., and Burke, Edmund, editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2001), pages 50–56, San Francisco, California, USA. Morgan Kaufmann.
Koza, John R. (1992). Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Koza, John R. (1994). Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs. MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts.
Koza, John R., Andre, David, Bennett III, Forrest H, and Keane, Martin (1999). Genetic Programming 3: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving. Morgan Kaufman.
Nicolau, Miguel (2004). Automatic grammar complexity reduction in grammatical evolution. In Poli, R., Cagnoni, S., Keijzer, M., Costa, E., Pereira, F., Raidl, G., Upton, S. C., Goldberg, D., Lipson, H., de Jong, E., Koza, J., Suzuki, H., Sawai, H., Parmee, I., Pelikan, M., Sastry, K., Thierens, D., Stolzmann, W., Lanzi, P. L., Wilson, S. W., O’Neill, M., Ryan, C., Yu, T., Miller, J. F., Garibay, I., Holifield, G., Wu, A. S., Riopka, T., Meysenburg, M. M., Wright, A. W., Richter, N., Moore, J. H., Ritchie, M. D., Davis, L., Roy, R., and Jakiela, M., editors, GECCO 2004 Workshop Proceedings, Seattle, Washington, USA.
O’Neill, Michael and Ryan, Conor (2001). Grammatical evolution. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 5(4):349–358.
O’Neill, Michael and Ryan, Conor (2003). Grammatical Evolution: Evolutionary Automatic Programming in a Arbitrary Language, volume 4 of Genetic programming. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
O’Neill, Michael and Ryan, Conor (2004). Grammatical evolution by grammatical evolution: The evolution of grammar and genetic code. In Keijzer, Maarten, O’Reilly, Una-May, Lucas, Simon M., Costa, Ernesto, and Soule, Terence, editors, Genetic Programming 7th European Conference, EuroGP 2004, Proceedings, volume 3003 of LNCS, pages 138–149, Coimbra, Portugal. Springer-Verlag.
O’Neill, Michael, Ryan, Conor, Keijzer, Maarten, and Cattolico, Mike (2003). Crossover in grammatical evolution. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 4(1):67–93.
Piaseczny, Wojciech, Suzuki, Hideaki, and Sawai, Hidefumi (2004). Chemical genetic programming-evolution of amino acid rewriting rules used for genotype-phenotype translation. In Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, pages 1639–1646, Portland, Oregon. IEEE Press.
Ryan, Conor, Collins, J. J., and O’Neill, Michael (1998). Grammatical evolution: Evolving programs for an arbitrary language. In Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Poli, Riccardo, Schoenauer, Marc, and Fogarty, Terence C., editors, Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Genetic Programming, volume 1391 of LNCS, pages 83–95, Paris. Springer-Verlag.
Whigham, P. A. (1995). Inductive bias and genetic programming. In Zalzala, A. M. S., editor, First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems: Innovations and Applications, GALESIA, volume 414, pages 461–466, Sheffield, UK. IEE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Azad, R.M.A., Ryan, C. (2006). An Examination of Simultaneous Evolution of Grammars and Solutions. In: Yu, T., Riolo, R., Worzel, B. (eds) Genetic Programming Theory and Practice III. Genetic Programming, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28111-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28111-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28110-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-28111-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)