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Mathematical model for approximating shield tunneling-induced surface settlement via multi-gene genetic programming

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Abstract

Obtaining an accurate estimation of surface settlement during tunnel excavation is challenging due to the many factors that influence settlement. This study developed a mathematical model using multi-gene genetic programming for predicting the maximum surface settlement associated with earth pressure balance shield tunneling. Based on the field-monitored data collected from a metro construction project, five input parameters, namely, buried depth, face pressure at the top and center of the shield, advance rate, and grouting pressure, were used for the model development. Three statistical metrics for performance evaluation indicated the potential of the proposed model to estimate the maximum surface settlement. A parametric study was performed to explore the variation trend of the maximum surface settlement induced by different parameters, which validated the reasonability of the proposed mathematical model. A global sensitivity analysis revealed that the cover depth and grouting pressure were the two more influential parameters in developing the maximum surface settlement during shield tunneling than other selected features. The uncertainty analysis proved the robustness and reliability of the model in predicting the maximum surface settlement during tunneling. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the proposed model is easy to implement in routine design with acceptable error and could supersede simple empirical models.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the GitHub repository, https://github.com/umgeotech/Database/tree/master/Surface%20Settlement

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support funded by the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau SAR (Grant Nos. 0057/2020/AGJ and SKL-IOTSC(UM)-2021–2023), the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2021A0505080009), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52022001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China

    Zhi-Liang Cheng

  2. State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China

    Zhi-Liang Cheng & Wan-Huan Zhou

  3. Smart City R&D Center, Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute (ZUMRI), Building 8, Creative Valley, No. 1889, Huandao East Road, Guangdong-Macau In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, Zhuhai, China

    K. K. Pabodha M. Kannangara & Wan-Huan Zhou

  4. Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Li-Jun Su

  5. China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Li-Jun Su

  6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Li-Jun Su

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WHZ designed the research. ZLC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. KKPMK processed the corresponding data. LJS helped to prepare the data from a field monitoring testing. WHZ, ZLC, and KKPMK revised and edited the final version.

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Correspondence to K. K. Pabodha M. Kannangara.

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Cheng, ZL., Kannangara, K.K.P.M., Su, LJ. et al. Mathematical model for approximating shield tunneling-induced surface settlement via multi-gene genetic programming. Acta Geotech. 18, 4923–4940 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-023-01847-y

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