Abstract
This paper focuses on surrogate-assisted genetic programming (SAGP), an efficient evolutionary program optimization approach based on the surrogate estimation of the fitness value. In particular, we use a genotype-based SAGP (G-SAGP), which uses the nearest neighbor method according to the tree structure similarity as the surrogate evaluation. This article investigates the influence of the survival selection and the fitness estimation method in G-SAGP to improve its performance. For the survival selection, we compare the (\(\mu ,\lambda\)) selection and the (\(\mu +\lambda\)) selection, which are both commonly used in evolutionary computation methods. On the other hand, the conventional G-SAGP uses the nearest neighbor method for the fitness estimation method, while this article attempts the k-nearest weighted average regression. We conduct experiments using symbolic regression problems, which are usually used as the GP benchmark. The experiments compare different survival selection methods and different fitness estimation methods. The experimental results show that G-SAGP using the (\(\mu +\lambda\)) selection can reduce the number of generations while maintaining a higher success ratio. In addition, for the fitness estimation method, the nearest neighbor regression is enough to achieve a high success ratio with a smaller number of generations. In contrast, the k-nearest weighted average regression with a large k can perform better in some benchmark problems.
Notes
Protected division. Division that returns 1 if the denominator is 0.
Positive / negative inversion.
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Acknowledgements
This research was partially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists, Grant Number JP21K17826.
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This work was presented in part at the joint symposium of the 27th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, the 7th International Symposium on BioComplexity, and the 5th International Symposium on Swarm Behavior and Bio-Inspired Robotics (Online, January 25– 27, 2022).
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Harada, T., Kino, S. & Thawonmas, R. Investigating the influence of survival selection and fitness estimation method in genotype-based surrogate-assisted genetic programming. Artif Life Robotics 28, 181–191 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-022-00821-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-022-00821-3