Abstract
This paper describes how the process of synthesizing the design of both the topology and the numerical parameter values (tuning) for a controller can be automated by using genetic programming. Genetic programming can be used to automatically make the decisions concerning the total number of signal processing blocks to be employed in a controller, the type of each block, the topological interconnections between the blocks, and the values of all parameters for all blocks requiring parameters. In synthesizing the design of controllers, genetic programming can simultaneously optimize prespecified performance metrics (such as minimizing the time required to bring the plant output to the desired value), satisfy time-domain constraints (such as overshoot and disturbance rejection), and satisfy frequency domain constraints. Evolutionary methods have the advantage of not being encumbered by preconceptions that limit its search to well-traveled paths. Genetic programming is applied to an illustrative problem involving the design of a controller for a three-lag plant with a significant (five-second) time delay in the external feedback from the plant to the controller. A delay in the feedback makes the design of an effective controller especially difficult.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Angeline, Peter J. and Kinnear, Kenneth E. Jr. (editors). 1996. Advances in Genetic Programming 2. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Astrom, Karl J. and Hagglund, Tore. 1995. PID Controllers: Theory, Design, and Tuning. 2nd Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrument Society of America.
Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Daida, Jason, Eiben, A. E., Garzon, Max H., Honavar, Vasant, Jakiela, Mark, and Smith, Robert E. (editors). 1999. GECCO-99: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, July 13–17, 1999, Orlando, Florida USA. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Nordin, Peter, Keller, Robert E., and Francone, Frank D. 1998. Genetic Programming — An Introduction. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann and Heidelberg: dpunkt.
Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Poli, Riccardo, Schoenauer, Marc, and Fogarty, Terence C. 1998. Genetic Programming: First European Workshop. EuroGP’98. Paris, France, April 1998 Proceedings. Paris, France. April 1998. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Volume 1391. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Bennett, Forrest H III, Koza, John R., Shipman, James, and Stiffelman, Oscar. 1999. Building a parallel computer system for $18,000 that performs a half peta-flop per day. In Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Daida, Jason, Eiben, A. E., Garzon, Max H., Honavar, Vasant, Jakiela, Mark, and Smith, Robert E. (editors). 1999. GECCO-99: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, July 13–17, 1999, Orlando, Florida USA. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. 1484–1490.
Boyd, S. P. and Barratt, C. H. 1991. Linear Controller Design: Limits of Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Holland, John H. 1975. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kinnear, Kenneth E. Jr. (editor). 1994. Advances in Genetic Programming. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Koza, John R. 1992. Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Koza, John R. 1994a. Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Koza, John R. 1994b. Genetic Programming II Videotape: The Next Generation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Koza, John R., Banzhaf, Wolfgang, Chellapilla, Kumar, Deb, Kalyanmoy, Dorigo, Marco, Fogel, David B., Garzon, Max H., Goldberg, David E., Iba, Hitoshi, and Riolo, Rick. (editors). 1998. Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Koza, John R., Bennett III, Forrest H, Andre, David, and Keane, Martin A. 1999. Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. Forthcoming.
Koza, John R., Bennett III, Forrest H, Andre, David, Keane, Martin A., and Brave Scott. 1999. Genetic Programming III Videotape: Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Koza, John R., Deb, Kalyanmoy, Dorigo, Marco, Fogel, David B., Garzon, Max, Iba, Hitoshi, and Riolo, R. L. (editors). 1997. Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Koza, John R., Goldberg, David E., Fogel, David B., and Riolo, Rick L. (editors). 1996. Genetic Programming 1996: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Koza, John R., Keane, Martin A., Yu, Jessen, Bennett, Forrest H III, and Mydlowec, William. 2000. Automatic creation of human-competitive programs and controllers by means of genetic programming. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines. (1) 121–164.
Koza, John R., and Rice, James P. 1992. Genetic Programming: The Movie. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Langdon, William B. 1998. Genetic Programming and Data Structures: Genetic Programming + Data Structures = Automatic Programming! Amsterdam: Kluwer.
Poli, Riccardo, Nordin, Peter, Langdon, William B., and Fogarty, Terence C. 1999. Genetic Programming: Second European Workshop. EuroGP’99. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Volume 1598. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Quarles, Thomas, Newton, A. R., Pederson, D. O., and Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. 1994. SPICE 3 Version 3F5 User’s Manual. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Univ. of California. Berkeley, CA. March 1994.
Ryan, Conor. 1999. Automatic Re-engineering of Software Using Genetic Programming. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Spector, Lee, Langdon, William B., O’Reilly, Una-May, and Angeline, Peter (editors). 1999. Advances in Genetic Programming 3. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sterling, Thomas L., Salmon, John, Becker, D. J., and Savarese, D. F. 1999. How to Build a Beowulf: A Guide to Implementation and Application of PC Clusters. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Koza, J.R., Keane, M.A., Yu, J., Mydlowec, W., Bennett, F.H. (2000). Automatic Synthesis of Both the Topology and Parameters for a Controller for a Three-Lag Plant with a Five-Second Delay Using Genetic Programming. In: Cagnoni, S. (eds) Real-World Applications of Evolutionary Computing. EvoWorkshops 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1803. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45561-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45561-2_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-67353-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45561-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive