@Misc{Panait2002, author = "Liviu Panait and Sean Luke", title = "A Comparison of Two Competitive Fitness Functions", note = "Submitted to GECCO 2002", year = "2002", } @InProceedings{Angeline93, author = {Angeline, P. and Pollack, J.}, title = {Competitive environments evolve better solutions for complex tasks}, crossref = {ec-crossref:ICGA-93}, pages = {264--270} } @InProceedings{Cliff95, author = {Cliff, D. and Miller, G. F.}, title = {Tracking the Red Queen: Measurements of adaptive progress in co--evolutionary sumulations}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Artificial Life}, publisher = {Springer--Verlag}, pages = {200--218}, year = {1995} } @InProceedings{Eriksson97, author = {Eriksson, R. and Olsson, B.}, title = {Cooperative Coevolution in Inventory Control Optimisation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK}, editor = {Smith, G. and Steele, N. and Albrecht, R.}, year = {1997} } @InProceedings{Ficici00, author = {Ficici, S. and Pollack, J.}, title = {A Game-Theoretic Approach to the Simple Coevolutionary Algorithm}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-00}, pages = {467--476}, } @InProceedings{Ficici00gecco, author = {Ficici, S. and Pollack, J.}, title = {Effects of Finite Populations on Evolutionary Stable Strategies}, crossref = {ec-crossref:GECCO-00}, pages = {880--887}, } @InProceedings{Ficici00cec, author = {Ficici, S. and Pollack, J.}, title = {Game--Theoretic Investigation of Selection Methods Used in Evolutionary Algorithms}, crossref = {ec-crossref:CEC-00}, pages = {880--887}, } @InProceedings{Ficici98, author = {Ficici, S. and Pollack, J.}, title = {Challenges in Coevolutionary Learning: Arms--Race Dynamics, Open--Endedness, and Mediocre Stable States}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life}, year = {1998}, publisher = {MIT Press}, pages = {238--247}, editor = {Adami et al}, address = {Cambridge, MA} } @TechReport{Ficici01, author = {Ficici, Sevan and Pollack, Jordan}, title = {Pareto Optimality in Coevolutionary Learning}, institution = {Brandeis University}, year = {2001} } @Article{Hillis91, author = {Hillis, D.}, title = {Co-Evolving parasites improve simulated Evolution as an optimization procedure}, journal = {Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity}, year = {1991}, volume = {10}, pages = {313--324}, editor = {Langton, C. and Taylor, C. and Farmer, J. and Rasmussen, S.}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley} } @InProceedings{Husbands91, author = {Husbands, P. and Mill, F.}, title = {Simulated coevolution as the mechanism for emergent planning and scheduling}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourch International Conference on Genetic Algorithms}, pages = {264--270}, year = {1991}, editor = {Belew, R. and Booker, L.}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{Husbands94, author = {Husbands, P.}, title = {Distributed coevolutionary genetic algorithms for multi--criteria and multi-constraint optimisation}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computing, AISB Workshop for Selected Papers}, publisher = {Springer--Verlag}, pages = {150--165}, year = {1994} } @Article{Rosin96, author = {Rosin, C. and Belew, R.}, title = {New methods for competitive coevolution}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {1--29}, year = {1996} } @InProceedings{Juille96, author = {Juill{\'e}, H. and Pollak, J.}, title = {Co-evolving Interwined Spirals}, crossref = {ec-crossref:EP-96}, pages = {461--468} } @InProceedings{lubberts01coevolving, author = "Alex Lubberts and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Co-Evolving a {Go}-Playing Neural Network", booktitle = "Coevolution{:} Turning Adaptive Algorithms upon Themselves, (Birds-on-a-Feather Workshop, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference)", year = {2001} } @Article{Moriarty95, author = {Moriarty, David E. and Mikkulainen, Risto}, title = {Discovering Complex Othello Strategies through Evolutionary Neural Networks}, journal = {Connection Science}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {105--209}, year = {1995} } @Article{Moriarty97, author = {D. Moriarty and Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Forming neural networks through efficient and adaptive coevolution}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, year = {1997}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {373--399} } @InProceedings{Paredis94, author = {Paredis, J.}, title = {Steps towards co-evolutionary classification networks}, booktitle = {Artificial Life IV, Proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems.}, year = {1994}, editor = {Brooks, R. A. and Maes, P.}, publisher = {MIT Press}, pages = {359--365} } @Article{Potter00, author = {Potter, M. and De Jong, K.}, annote = {Potter et al., 2000}, title = {Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents}, year = {2000}, pages = {1--29}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, volume = {8}, number = {1} } @InProceedings{Potter94, author = {Potter, M. and De Jong, K.}, annote = {Potter et al., 1994}, title = {A Cooperative CoEvolutionary Approach to Function Optimization}, pages = {249--257}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-94}, } @InProceedings {Potter95, author = {Potter, M. and De Jong, K.}, title = {Evolving Neural Networks with Collaborative Species}, crossref = {ec-crossref:EP-95}, pages = {307--317} } @PhDThesis{Potter97, author = {Potter, M.}, title = {The Design and Analysis of a Computational Model of Cooperative CoEvolution}, year = 1997, address = {Fairfax, Virginia}, school = {George Mason University} } @InProceedings{Potter98, author = {Potter, M. and De Jong, K.}, title = {The Coevolution of Antibodies for Concept Learning}, pages = {530--539}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-98}, } @Article{Rosin97, author = {Rosin, C. and Belew, R.}, title = {New Methods for Competitive Coevolution}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--29}, publisher = {MIT Press} } @InProceedings{Rosin95, author = {Rosin, C. and Belew, R.}, title = {Methods for competitive co-evolution: Finding opponents worth beating}, crossref = {ec-crossref:ICGA-95}, pages = {373--380}, } @Article{Paredis96, author = {Paredis, J.}, title = {Coevolutionary Computation}, journal = {Artificial Life Journal}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, editor = {Langton, C.}, publisher = {MIT Press/Bradford Books} } @InProceedings{Schlierkamp94, author = {Schlierkamp-Voosen, D. and M{\"u}hlenbein, H.}, title = {Strategy Adaptation by Competing Subpopulations}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-94}, pages = {199--108}, } @Article{Pollack98, author = {Pollack, J. and Blair, A.}, title = {Coevolution in the successful learning of backgammon strategy}, journal = {Machine Learning}, year = {1998}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {225--240} } @InCollection{Sims99, author = {Sims, K.}, title = {Evolving Three-Dimensional Morphology and Behaviour}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Design by Computers}, year = {1999}, editor = {Peter Bentley}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @InProceedings{Pollack97, author = "Pollack, J. and Blair, A. and Land, M.", title = {Coevolution of a Backgammon Player}, booktitle = {Artificial Life V}, year = {1997}, publisher = {MIT Press} } @InProceedings{Mayer98, author = {Mayer, H.}, title = {Symbiotic Coevolution of Artificial Neural Networks and Training Data Sets}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-98}, pages = {511--520}, } @PhdThesis{Rosin97phd, author = {Rosin, C.}, title = {Coevolutionary Search Among Adversaries}, school = {University of California, San Diego}, year = {1997} } @InProceedings{Wiegand02, author = {Wiegand, R. Paul and Liles, William and De Jong, Kenneth}, title = {Analyzing Cooperative Coevolution with Evolutionary Game Theory}, note = {(To appear)}, crossref = {ec-crossref:CEC-02}, } @InProceedings{Wiegand98, author = {Wiegand, R. Paul}, title = {Applying Diffusion to a Cooperative Coevolutionary Model}, pages = {560--569}, crossref = {ec-crossref:PPSN-98}, } @InProceedings{Wiegand01, author = {Wiegand, R. Paul and Liles, William and De Jong, Kenneth}, title = {An Empirical Analysis of Collaboration Methods in Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms}, pages = {1235--1242}, crossref = {ec-crossref:GECCO-01}, } @Article{Fogel98, author = {Fogel, Gary and Andrews, Peter and Fogel, David}, title = {On the instability of evolutionary stable strategies in small populations}, journal = {Ecological Modeling}, year = {1998}, volume = {109}, pages = {283--294} } @Article{Fogel97, author = {Fogel, David and Fogel, Gary and Andrews, Peter}, title = {On the instability of evolutionary stable strategies}, journal = {BioSystems}, year = {1995}, volume = {44}, pages = {135--152} } @InProceedings{Fogel95, author = {Fogel, David and Fogel, Gary}, title = {Evolutionary stable strategies are not always stable under evolutionary dynamics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming}, year = {1995}, editor = {McDonnel, J. R. and Reynolds, R. G. and Fogel, D.}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, pages = {565--577} } @InProceedings{Kauffman91, author = {Kauffman, Stuart}, title = {Coevolution to the edge of chaos: coupled fitness landscapes, poised states, and coevolutionary avalanches}, booktitle = {Artificial Life II: Studies in the Sciences of Complexity}, pages = {325--369}, year = {1991}, editor = {Langton, C. and Taylor, C. and Farmer, J. and Rasmussen, S.}, volume = {X}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley} } @InProceedings{Pagie00, author = {Pagie, L. and Hogeweg P.}, title = {Information integration and red queen dynamics in coevolutionary optimization}, crossref = {ec-crossref:CEC-00}, pages = {1260--1267} } @InProceedings{Pagie01, author = {Pagie, L. and Mitchell, M.}, title = {A comparison of evolutionary and coevolutionary search}, crossref = {ec-crossref:GECCO-01}, pages = {20--25} } @Article{Pagie97, author = {Pagie, L. and Hogeweg, P.}, title = {Evolutionary Consequences of coevolving targets}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {401--418}, year = {1997} } @PhDThesis{Pagie99, author = {Pagie, Ludo}, title = {Coevolutionary dynamics: information integration, speciation, and red queen dynamics}, year = {1999}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, school = {University of New Mexico} } @InProceedings{Watson01, author = {Watson, R. and Pollack, J.}, title = {Coevolutionary Dynamics in a Minimal Substrate}, crossref = {ec-crossref:GECCO-01}, pages ={702--709} } @Misc{Wiegand01tr, author = {Wiegand, R. Paul and Liles, William and De Jong, Kenneth}, title = {Multi--Population Symmetric Game Dynamics}, note = {In preparation}, year = {2001} } @Misc{Juille01pres, author = {Juill{\'e}, H.}, title = {Basic Concepts in Coevolution}, year = {2001}, note = {Presentation at GECCO-01 Coevolutionary Workshop} } @InProceedings{luke:1998:RoboCup97, author = "Luke, S.", title = "Genetic Programming Produced Competitive Soccer Softbot Teams for {RoboCup97}", booktitle = "Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference", year = "1998", editor = "John R. Koza and Wolfgang Banzhaf and Kumar Chellapilla and Kalyanmoy Deb and Marco Dorigo and David B. Fogel and Max H. Garzon and David E. Goldberg and Hitoshi Iba and Rick Riolo", pages = "214--222", address = "University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA", publisher_address = "San Francisco, CA, USA", month = jul, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming", ISBN = "1-55860-548-7", URL = "http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~sean/papers/robocupgp98.pdf", URL2 = "http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~sean/papers/robocupgp98.ps.gz", abstract = "At RoboCup, teams of autonomous robots or software softbots compete in simulated soccer matches to demonstrate cooperative robotics techniques in a very difficult, real-time, noisy environment. At the IJCAI/RoboCup97 softbot competition, all entries but ours used human-crafted cooperative decision-making behaviors. We instead entered a softbot team whose high-level decision making behaviors had been entirely evolved using genetic programming. Our team won its first two games against human-crafted opponent teams, and received the RoboCup Scientific Challenge Award. This report discusses the issues we faced and the approach we took to use GP to evolve our robot soccer team for this difficult environment.", notes = "GP-98 This paper is similar to an earlier workshop paper luke:1997:csstcGP. The key difference being that the workshop paper, which was not for a Genetic Programming audience, is short on experimental details and long on introductions to how GP works. There also exists a short invited paper luke:1998:sretro detailing how this experiment could have been improved. Also available is a short sidebar for an AI Magazine article." } @Book{Axelrod84, author = "Axelrod, R.", title = "The Evolution of Cooperation", publisher = "Basic Books", year = "1984" } @Book{Fogel01:Blondie24, author = "Fogel, D.", title = "Blondie24: Playing at the Edge of Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", ISBN = "1-55860-783-8", year = "2001" } @InProceedings{Sims94, author = {Sims, Karl}, title = {Evolving {3D} Morphology and Behavior by Competition}, booktitle = {Artificial Life IV, Proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems.}, year = {1994}, editor = {Brooks, R. A. and Maes, P.}, publisher = {MIT Press}, pages = {28-39} } @InProceedings{Reynolds94, author = {Reynolds, Craig}, title = {Competition, Coevolution and the Game of Tag}, booktitle = {Artificial Life IV, Proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems.}, year = {1994}, editor = {Brooks, R. A. and Maes, P.}, publisher = {MIT Press}, pages = {59-69} } @TechReport{smith93coadaptive, author = {R. Smith and B. Gray}, title = {Co-adaptive genetic algorithms: An example in Othello strategy}, institution = {University of Alabama, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics}, year = {1993}, number = {TCGA 94002} } @InCollection{ axelrod87evolution, author = "Axelrod", title = "The Evolution of Strategies in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma", booktitle = "Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing", editor = "Lawrence Davis", publisher= "Morgan Kaufmann", year = "1987" }