%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% %% Master DAI BibTex Bibliography %% %% %% %% %% %% compiled by %% %% Thomas D. Haynes %% %% University of Tulsa %% %% haynes@euler.mcs.utulsa.edu %% %% %% %% Note that the pre-1994 entries %% %% probably came from the DAI Archives %% %% and as such were compiled by %% %% Prof. Michael Huhns %% %% huhns@charlie.ece.scarolina.edu %% %% %% %% ALL ERRORS IN THIS FILE ARE MINE!!! %% %% Please do not flame anyone else %% %% %% %% Corrections can be sent to me at: %% %% haynes@euler.mcs.utulsa.edu %% %% %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @Book{Abelson:1985:SIC, author = "Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman", title = "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs", publisher = "MIT Press and McGraw-Hill (text orders)", year = "1985", } @TechReport{Abram:1984:DDM, author = "J. M. Abram and C. Y. Chong and M. R. Fehling and J. S. Rosenschein and E. Tse", title = "Distributed Decision Making Environment", number = "TR-3013-3", month = apr, year = "1984", institution = "AI \& DS", } @Book{Abramson:1963:ITC, author = "Norman Abramson", title = "Information Theory and Coding", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", address = "New York", year = "1963", abstract = "Information theory is explained : the notion of information content of an event; entropy; development of coding systems; the Binit vs the bit; a model for a communication channel.", } @Article{Adelman:1986:DTD, author = "R. Adelman and L. Zirk and D. Lehner and P. Moffet and R. Hall", title = "Distributed Tactical Decision Making: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Results", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics", year = "1986", pages = "794--804", } @InCollection{Adler:1989:CRS, author = "Mark R. Adler and Alvah B. Davis and Robert Weihmayer and Ralph Worrest", title = "Conflict-Resolution Strategies for Nonhierarchical Distributed Agents", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Michael N. Huhns and Les Gasser", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", pages = "139--162", note = "Also COINS Technical Report 88-89, University of Massachusetts, 1988", } @InProceedings{Adler:1990:IDE, author = "Mark R. Adler and Evangelos Simoudis", title = "Integrating Distributed Expertise", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", address = "Bandara, TX", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @Article{Adler:1993:MIO, author = "Paul Adler and Bryan Borys", title = "Materialism and Idealism in Organizational Research", journal = "Organization Studies", volume = "14", number = "5", pages = "657--669", year = "1993", } @Book{Agha:1986:AMC, author = "G. Agha", title = "Actors---{A} Model of Concurrent Computation for Distributed Systems", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Agre:1987:PIT, author = "P. Agre and D. Chapman", title = "Pengi: {A}n Implementation of a Theory of Activity", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "268--272", year = "1987", } @TechReport{Agre:1988:WP, author = "Philip E. Agre and David Chapman", title = "What are plans for?", number = "AI Memo 1050", institution = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", month = Sep, year = "1988", } @Unpublished{Agre:1991:TU, author = "Philip E. Agre", title = "Title undecided", note = "To be published by Cambridge University Press. Position paper presented at AAAI Fall Symposium on Knowledge and Action at Social and Organizational Levels", year = "1991", } @Article{Aha:1991:IBL, author = "David W. Aha and Dennis Kibler and Marc K. Albert", title = "Instance-Based Learning Algorithms", journal = "Machine Learning", pages = "37--66", volume = "6", number = "1", month = jan, year = "1991", } @Article{Ahituv:1987:DCP, author = "N. Ahituv and O. Berman", title = "Devising a Cooperation Policy for Emergency Networks", journal = "Journal of the Operational Research Society", year = "1987", pages = "1015--1029", } @InProceedings{Aho:1979:MCP, author = "Alfred V. Aho and J. D. Ullman and M. Yannakakis", title = "Modeling Communications Protocols by Automata", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science", pages = "267--273", month = Oct, year = "1979", } @PhdThesis{Aikins:1980:PPR, author = "Jan S. Aikins", title = "Prototypes and Production Rules: {A} Knowledge Representation for Computer Consultations", school = "Stanford University", year = "1980", note = "(Also published as Technical Report STAN-CSD-80-814, Computer Science Department, Stanford University.)", } @TechReport{al:1990:ORH, author = "Natraj Arni et al.", title = "Overview of {RAD}: {A} Hybrid and Distributed Reasoning Tool", number = "ACT-RA-098-90", institution = "Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation", address = "Austin, TX", month = Mar, year = "1990", } @Book{Alford:1985:DSM, author = "M. W. Alford and J. P. Ansart and G. Hommel and L. Lamport and B. Liskov and G. P. Mullery and F. B. Schneider", title = "Distributed Systems - Methods and Tools for Specification - An Advanced Course, Lecture Notes in Computer Science", publisher = "Springer- Verlag", year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Ali:1995:ISS, title = "Interpreting Spread Sheet Data for Human-Agent Interactions", author = "Syed S. Ali and Susan Haller", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Book{Allen:1978:AL, author = "John R. Allen", title = "Anatomy of Lisp", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1978", } @PhdThesis{Allen:1979:PBA, author = "James F. Allen", title = "A Plan-Based Approach to Speech Act Recognition", school = "University of Toronto", month = Feb, year = "1979", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 131/79, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, February 1979.)", } @Article{Allen:1983:MKA, author = "James F. Allen", title = "Maintaining Knowledge About Temporal Intervals", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "26", number = "11", pages = "832--843", month = Nov, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Allen:1983:PUT, author = "James F. Allen and Johannes A. Koomen", title = "Planning Using a Temporal World Model", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "741--747", month = aug, year = "1983", } @Article{Allen:1984:TGT, author = "James F. Allen", title = "Towards a General Theory of Action and Time", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1984", volume = "23", pages = "123--154", } @Book{Allison:1971:EDE, author = "Graham T. Allison", title = "Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missle Crisis", publisher = "Little, Brown and Company", year = "1971", address = "Boston", } @InProceedings{Ambroszkiewicz:1995:KBM, title = "Knowledge and Behavior in Multiagent Systems", author = "Stanislaw Ambroszkiewicz", pages = "434", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Agent's goal is represented as utility maximization. We consider two kinds of knowledge--based protocols: Bayesian and MaxMin behavior. We argue that the ground knowledge type (on which the k--b protocol is based) should be a small part of the whole knowledge. So that we present a transformation of mutual knowledge onto the ground knowledge. The ground knowledge, mutual knowledge and the transformations constitute together knowledge system. We present a simple representation of common knowledge of these systems that gives fast transformation of this knowledge onto actions. This gives rise to a re--interpretation of Agent Oriented Programming paradigm. We postulate that k--b protocol (commitment statements in AOP terms) should be rational (i.e. maximizing the utility) and fixed, whereas the subject of change should be agent's utility and knowledge. If a programmer wants a MAS to reach a goal, he should give to agents such utilities and knowledge that the joint agents' activities maximizing their utilities will lead to a desired state of MAS.", keywords = "Agent architectures, Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multiagent systems.", } @Book{Anderson:1987:EL, author = "John R. Anderson and Albert T. Corbett and Brian J. Reiser", title = "Essential Lisp", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1987", } @Article{Anderson:1990:CMI, author = "J. R. Anderson and C. F. Boyle and A. T. Corbett and M. W. Lewis", title = "Cognitive Modeling and Intelligent Tutoring", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "7--50", year = "1990", month = feb, volume = "42", number = "1", abstract = "A cognitive model of learning is described where declarative knowledge is converted to productions. This model is used to construct an automatic tutoring system which includes a model of what is to be learned, a model of the student and his possible errors, ie., what wrong productions might he use.", } @InProceedings{Anderton:1995:FMA, title = "A Framework for Multi-Agent Inter-Organizational Applications: {A} Position Paper", author = "Matthew Anderton and Jim Cunningham and Jeremy Pitt", pages = "435", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The CEC Project GOAL (Esprit 6283) aims to develop generic software tools to support a new project management paradigm, in which projects are collaborative, decentralised and inter-organizational. Our research and development activities have focussed on using multi-agent systems to address the inter-organizational aspects of interaction and communication between partners in such projects. The multi-agent framework we have been investigating and developing, called the Cooperation Services Framework (CSF), is designed to support distributed computer-supported cooperative work in inter-organizational project management. This position paper reviews our developments to date, describes our programme for realising a prototype demonstrator, and discusses some of the issues to be addressed in future investigation and experimentation. In particular, extending the CSF to include `agent brokering' between `rational agents' would enable other applications for inter-organizational interactions to be developed, such as trading systems and on-line information services.", keywords = "Practical Applications of Multi-Agent Systems, Intelligent Agents in Enterprise Integration Systems", } @InProceedings{Andre:1995:EAB, author = "David Andre", title = "The Evolution of Agents that Build Mental Models and Create Simple Plans Using Genetic Programming", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.", year = "1995", pages = "248--255", } @TechReport{Anthony:1965:PCS, author = "Robert N. Anthony", title = "Planning and Control Systems: {A} framework for analysis", institution = "Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Harvard University", year = "1965", } @TechReport{Appelt:1982:PNL, author = "D. E. Appelt", title = "Planning Natural Language Utterances to Satisfy Multiple Goals", type = "Technical Note", number = "259", institution = "SRI International", address = "Menlo Park, CA", year = "1982", } @Article{Applegate:1990:AAP, author = "C. Applegate and C. Elsaesser and J. Sanborn", title = "An Architecture for Adversarial Planning", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "20", number = "1", pages = "186--194", month = Jan, year = "1990", } @Unpublished{Aragones:1985:LOB, author = "James K. Aragones and Piero P. Bonissone and Keith S. Decker", title = "Lotta: An Object Based Simulator for Reasoning in Antagonistic Situations", note = "Working Paper, GE Corporate Research and Development", year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Arai:1995:RBP, title = "Rational Balancing of Planning and Communication in the Dynamic Multi-Agents World", author = "Sachiyo Arai", pages = "436", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper presents an agent model that makes a rational decision for balancing cost of planning and communication in a deliberation phase to adapt a dynamic world. The agent's ability for balancing these factors is very important in the multi-agents world as well as that for balancing deliberation and execution cost in the dynamic world. To realize this ability, we introduce two behavioral parameters, namely, the {\em projection level} and the {\em commitment level}. One controls how far the agent should project in his future based on his current state at the beginning of the planning. The other controls how far the agent should adhere to his plan when he detects change in the world. We show that the agent can control his time cost of planning and communication by changing these levels and, as the result of this, he can make a good plan on that occasion as well as adapt to changes in the world.", } @InProceedings{Aramkulchai:1995:GPT, title = "Generalised Proof-theoretic Multi-agent Autoepistemic Reasoning", author = "Yongyuth Aramkulchai and John Yuejun Jiang", pages = "304--311", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Over the past few years, several different approaches have been proposed to deal with Multi-Agent Autoepistemic reasoning. Most of them have some anomalous results while the rest do not have clear and constructive proof theory. For example, Parikh [91] only allows an agent to reason nonmonotonically about other agents' knowledge but not about other agents' nonmonotonic reasoning. Morgenstern [90] provides a limited way to deal with the problem but unfortunately it is not constructive. Although Halpern [94] develops an algorithmetic definition of multiagent nonmonotonic reasoning, his approach cannot deal with default reasoning even for single-agent case. It also does not allow nested nonmonotonic reasoning of an agent about other agents' nonmonotonic reasoning. More important perhaps, these approaches seem to have unintuitive results for multi-agent case and we shall show that by considering some examples from Speech Acts. Our purpose is to find out a simple yet generalised constructive proof-theoretic framework for Multi-Agent Autoepistemic reasoning which retains the advantages of existing approaches but does not have those peculiar results. Surprisingly, the new proof-theoretic framework can be obtained by a simple modification to Parikh's approach. Furthermore, the results show that our framework is not only generalise Morgenstern's and the others approaches but also Niemela's Constructive Tightly Grounded Autoepistemic Logic.", } @Book{Arbib:1972:MB, author = "Michael A. Arbib", title = "The Metaphorical Brain", publisher = "Wiley", year = "1972", } @InProceedings{Arkin:1987:AAV, author = "Ronald C. Arkin and Edward M. Riseman and Allen R. Hanson", title = "{ArRA}: {A}n Architecture for Vision-based Robot Navigation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Image Understanding Workshop", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "17--431", month = Feb, year = "1987", } @PhdThesis{Arkin:1987:TCR, author = "Ronald C. Arkin", title = "Towards Cosmopolitan Robots: Intelligent Navigation in Extended Man-Made Environments", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Sep, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Arora:1996:RSD, author = "Neeraj Arora and Sandip Sen", title = "Resolving Social Dilemmas Using Genetic Algorithms.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Asada:1995:ALO, title = "Agents that learn from other competitive agents", author = "Minoru Asada and Eiji Uchibe and Koh Hosoda", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @PhdThesis{Ashley:1988:MLA, author = "Kevin D. Ashley", title = "Modelling Legal Argument: {R}easoning with Cases and Hypotheticals", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1988", } @Misc{Atkins:1988:CCS, author = "Daniel E. Atkins and Michael D. Cohen and Lynn A. Conway and Gary M. Olson and Judith R. Olson and John Laird and Steven Lytinen", title = "A Center for Collaboration Science and Technology", howpublished = "NSF Proposal", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Aube:1995:FCR, title = "A Foundation for Commitments as Resource Management in Multi-Agent Systems", author = "Michel Aub\'{e} and Alain Senteni", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Aubi:1996:ECO, title = "Emotions as Commitments Operators: {A} Foundation for Control Structure in Multi-Agents Systems", author = "Michel Aubi and Alain Senteni", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Article{authors:1977:SIM, title = "Special Issue on Microelectronics", author = "Various authors", journal = "Scientific American", volume = "237", number = "3", pages = "62--245", month = Sep, year = "1977", } @InCollection{Avouris:1995:CCE, author = "N. M. Avouris and M. H. V. Liederkerke and L. Sommaruga", title = "{CooperA}: {A} Cooperating Expert System Shell and its Testing in the Domain of Environmental Emergencies Management", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "14", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @Book{Axelrod:1984:EC, author = "Robert Axelrod", title = "The Evolution of Cooperation", publisher = "Basic Books", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Azema:1995:CPC, title = "A communication protocol for conflict resolution", author = "Pierre Azema and Francois Vernadat and Jean Luc Albacete", pages = "437", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper deals with communication requirements for cooperating agents. A technical approach is proposed for specifying and analyzing cooperation and conflict resolution protocols among distributed agents. The plan of a single agent, the communication strategy between partners and the actual moves of entities are represented whithin a single framework. The proposed technique relies on modeling agent behaviours and coordinating algorithms by labeled Predicate/Transition Petri nets. Communication primitives are introduced for negotiating shared ressources among distinct partners. In particular, the localization of agents is taken into account for allowing either rendez-vous and simultaneous data exchange, or asynchronous exchanges via message passing. A formal description of distributed agreement protocols allows the verification of general properties such as deadlock avoidance and guarantee of progress. The introduced model leads to consider conflict and cooperation as two dual operations which have to be embedded into a negotiation protocol for conflict solving. Two-partie and multi-partie negotiation protocols are described.", keywords = "Cooperation, coordination, conflict. Communication issues.", } @InProceedings{Baczewski:1995:LPM, title = "Linear Prediction in a Multi-Agent Environment", author = "Joachim Baczewski and Mario Tokoro", pages = "438", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In Multi-Agent systems, prediction of future states of observed events in an open and distributed environment gains importance with the growing complexity of the events agents have to deal with. We develop a model for applying Linear Prediction to a Multi-Agent environment. We design a prediction mechanism which senses its environment just by observing plain sampled data. No complex model of the environment has to be built in order to do good predictions of future events. Thus, our agents can react in a real time manner by simply analyzing the observed events. After introducing the theoretical background of Linear Prediction, we show that Linear Prediction can give good results even for multiple step predictions over a wide range of dynamics. Further, we show that, if agents apply our model competitively in a heterogeneous society of multiple agents, the stability and the performance of the whole system improves.", } @InProceedings{Baeijs:1996:SAM, title = "{SIGMA}: {A}pplication of Multi-Agent Systems to Cartographic Generalization", author = "Christof Baeijs and Yves Demazeau and Luis Alvares", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Book{Baker:1974:ISS, author = "K. R. Baker", title = "Introduction to Sequencing and Scheduling", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1974", } @InProceedings{Baker:1988:CMC, author = "A. D. Baker", title = "Complete Manufacturing Control Using a Contract Net: {A} Simulation Study", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on Computer Integrated Manufacturing", pages = "100--109", month = may, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Balasubramanian:1995:MAI, title = "A Multi-Agent Intelligent Design System Integrating Manufacturing and Shop-Floor Control", author = "Sivaram Balasubramanian and Douglas H. Norrie", pages = "3--9", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "A multi-agent architecture has been developed for the integration of design, manufacturing, and shop floor control activities. This is based on cooperating intelligent entities in the sub-domains which make decisions through negotiation, using domain- specific knowledge both distributed among the entities and accessible to them. Using this architectural framework, an Agent Based Concurrent Design Environment system has been developed for feature-based design, manufacturability evaluation, and dynamic process planning. This is a multi-agent prototype system involving the following types of agent: design agent; geometric interface agent; feature agent; part agent; machine agent; tool agent; environment manager; and shop floor manager. A new technique for evaluating manufacturability is introduced, based on interacting intelligent features of the part being designed. This proof-of-concept system was developed for three-dimensional prismatic parts, with twenty-five different feature types, but can be extended to other geometries. The system has been completed and tested, and is being integrated into a larger multi-agent environment incorporating routing, scheduling, and overall production control.", keywords = "Practical Applications of Multi-Agent Systems (Manufacturing)", } @InProceedings{Balch:1995:MSB, title = "Motor Schema-based Formation Control for Multiagent Robot Teams", author = "Tucker Balch and Ronald C. Arkin", pages = "10--16", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "New reactive behaviors that implement formations in multi-robot teams are presented and evaluated. Thes motor schemas, or primitive behaviors, for relative positional maintenance are integrated with existing navigational behaviors to help robots complete navigational tasks while in formation. Four formations, based on existing military doctrine, and three methods for determining correct vehicle position are investigated. The performance of a group of four simulated robots using this technique is evaluated quantitatively for both turning and for navigation across an obstacle field. These team behaviors will ultimately be fielded on four military vehicles as part of ARPA's UGV Demo II program.", } @InProceedings{Balzer:1980:HID, author = "Robert Balzer and Lee Erman and Philip London and Chuck Williams", title = "{H}earsay-{III}: {A} Domain-Independent Framework for Expert Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "108--110", month = Aug, year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Balzer:1996:SBP, title = "The structure and build-up of plan-based joint intentions", author = "Wolfgang Balzer and Raimo Tuomela", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Barbuceanu:1995:CLD, title = "{COOL}: {A} Language for Describing Coordination in Multiagent Systems", author = "Mihai Barbuceanu and Mark S. Fox", pages = "17--24", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Agent interaction takes place at several levels. Current work in the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort has addressed the information contentlevel by the KIF language and the intentional level by the KQML langauge. In this paper we address the coordination level by means of our coordination language (COOL) that relies on speech act based communication, but integrates it in a stuctured conversation framework that captures the coordination mechanisms agents use when working together. We are currently using this language (i) to represent coordination mechanisms for the supply chain of manufacturing modeled as intelligent agents, and (ii) as an environment fo rdesigning and validating coordination protocols for multi-agent systems. This paper describes the basic elements of this language: conversation objects, conversation rules, error recovery rules, continuation rules, conversation nesting. The actual COOL source code and a running trace for the n-queens problem are presented in the Appendix.", keywords = "Coordination, intelligent agents in enterprise integration", } @InProceedings{Barnett:1981:CMM, author = "Jeffrey A. Barnett", title = "Computational methods for a mathematical theory of evidence", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tokyo, Japan", pages = "868--875", year = "1981", } @TechReport{Barnett:1982:MCD, author = "Jeffrey A. Barnett and Lee D. Erman", title = "Making Control Decisions in an Expert System is a Problem-Solving Task", type = "Unfinished Technical Report", institution = "USC/Information Sciences Institute", address = "Marina del Rey, CA", month = Apr, year = "1982", } @TechReport{Barnett:1982:SIC, author = "Jeffrey A. Barnett", title = "Some Issues of Control in Expert Systems", institution = "USC/Information Sciences Institute", address = "Marina del Rey, CA", year = "1982", } @Article{Barnett:1984:HMC, author = "Jeffrey A. Barnett", title = "How Much is Control Knowledge Worth: {A} Primitive Example", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "22", pages = "77--89", year = "1984", } @TechReport{Barto:1985:LSC, author = "Andrew G. Barto", title = "Learning by Statistical Cooperation of Self-Interested Neuron-Like Computing Elements", number = "85-11", month = apr, year = "1985", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", } @InProceedings{Basu:1995:WJO, title = "When Just One is Enough", author = "Chumki Basu and Paul B. Cantor", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @TechReport{Bates:1981:LSD, author = "Peter Bates and Jack C. Wileden and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Language to Support Debugging in Distributed Systems", number = "81-07", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Feb, year = "1981", } @TechReport{Bates:1982:DTD, author = "Peter C. Bates and Jack C. Wileden and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Debugging Tool for Distributed Systems", number = "82-34", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Dec, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Bates:1982:EDL, author = "Peter C. Bates and Jack C. Wileden", title = "{E}vent {D}efinition {L}anguage: {A}n Aid to Monitoring and Debugging of Complex Software Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Hawaii International Conference on System Science", pages = "86--93", month = Jan, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Bates:1983:DTD, author = "P. C. Bates and J. C. Wileden and V. R. Lesser", title = "A Debugging Tool for Distributed Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Annual Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications", month = mar, year = "1983", pages = "311--315", } @Article{Bates:1983:HLD, author = "Peter C. Bates and Jack C. Wileden", title = "High-level Debugging of Distributed Systems: {T}he behavioral abstraction approach", journal = "Journal of Systems and Software", volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "255--264", year = "1983", } @PhdThesis{Bates:1986:DPD, author = "Peter Charles Bates", title = "Debugging Programs in a Distributed System Environment", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1986", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 86-05, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, February 1986.)", } @InProceedings{Bates:1996:BAA, title = "Believable Autonomous Agents", author = "Joe Bates", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", notes = "(invited talk)", abstract = "When AI studies autonomous agents, it traditionally strives for intelligence in those agents. However, autonomous agents are increasingly used in areas related to art, entertainment, and user interface. Established fields of art and entertainment (such as film, literature, and theater) depend on believable characters more than intelligent ones. This suggests that there is an opportunity for the AI research community to study a new kind of autonomous agent, where the focus is on believability, not intelligence. I will argue that this opportunity exists, summarize the goals I see for believable agents researchs, and try to explain the key differences between believability and traditional scientific goals such as intelligence and realism. I will conclude with the suggestion that AI's founding dreams demand both intelligence and believability.", } @Article{Baudet:1978:AIM, author = "Gerard M. Baudet", title = "Asynchronous Iterative Methods for Multiprocessors", journal = "Journal of the ACM", volume = "25", number = "2", pages = "226--244", month = Apr, year = "1978", } @TechReport{Baum:1986:BBS, author = "L. Baum and R. Dodhiawala and V. Jagannathan", title = "{B}oeing {B}lackboard {S}ystem, Version 1.0", number = "BCS-G2010-31", institution = "Boeing Computer Services", address = "P.O. Box 24346, Seattle, Washington 98124", month = Jul, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Bazan:1995:GTA, title = "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Distributed Control of Traffic Signals", author = "Ana L. C. Bazan", pages = "439", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Following earlier approaches we use game-theoretic techniques to model the conflict of interest and cooperation among agents. We apply this techniques to the domain of traffic signal control whose usual strategies are modelled in a decentralized fashion. In our architecture traffic elements are modelled as single agents which have diverse knowledge represented by means of information sets. Lack of knowledge is modelled by means of games with incomplete information. Interactions among agents are both cooperative and noncooperative and are based on the rationality of the agents, which pick one of the equilibrium points of the game. Therefore the problem of equilibrium selection for noncooperative games is explored. For cooperative games the bargaining solution is used. Some examples of the traffic signal control domain which map interactions in noncooperative as well as in cooperative situations are presented.", } @Article{Bean:1991:MSM, author = "J. C. Bean and J. R. Birge and J. Mittenthal and C. E. Noon", title = "Matchup Scheduling with Multiple Resources, Release Dates and Disruptions", journal = "Operations Research", volume = "39", number = "3", pages = "470--483", month = may # "-" # jun, year = "1991", } @Book{Beer:1978:PC, author = "Stafford Beer", title = "Platform for Change", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1978", edition = "corrected reprint", } @Book{Beer:1979:HE, author = "Stafford Beer", title = "The Heart of Enterprise", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1979", } @Book{Beer:1981:BF, author = "Stafford Beer", title = "Brain of the Firm", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1981", edition = "second", } @InProceedings{Belakhdar:1996:MAT, title = "Modelling Approach and Tool for Designing Protocols for Automated Cooperation in a Multi-agent Systems", author = "Omar Belakhdar and Jacqueline Ayel", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Article{Bell:1989:MPN, author = "Collin E. Bell", title = "Maintaining project networks in automated artificial intelligence planning", journal = "Management Science", volume = "35", number = "10", pages = "1192--1214", month = oct, year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Belo:1995:CAO, title = "Cooperation Among Opportunistic Agents on a Distributed Environment", author = "Orlando Belo and Jose Neves", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @TechReport{Benda:1986:OCK, author = "M. Benda and V. Jagannathan and R. Dodhiawala", title = "On Optimal Cooperation of Knowledge Sources - An Empirical Investigation", institution = "Boeing Advanced Technology Center, Boeing Computing Services", month = jul, year = "1986", number = "BCS--G2010--28", address = "Seattle, Washington", abstract = "The effects of changing the organizational structure of a small number of agents in a game is explored. The conflict between the better decisions of coordination and the faster execution of independent decisions is discussed.", } @Article{Bennett:1982:HWT, author = "P. G. Bennett and C. S. Huxham", title = "Hypergames and what they do: {A} {`}soft {OR'} approach", journal = "Journal of Operational Research Society", volume = "33", pages = "41--50", year = "1982", } @Article{Bentley:1979:DSR, author = "Jon L. Bentley and Jerome H. Friedman", title = "Data Structures for Range Searching", journal = "Computing Surveys", volume = "11", number = "4", pages = "397--413", month = Dec, year = "1979", } @Article{Berliner:1989:PKS, author = "H. Berliner and C. Ekling", title = "Pattern Knowledge and Search : The {SUPREM} Architecture", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "?", year = "1989", month = mar, volume = "38", number = "2", abstract = "An architecture is described which uses both search and knowledge. The knowledge is in the form of specialized pattern matching hardware for detecting valuable nodes in the search tree.", } @Article{Bertsekas:1984:SDA, author = "D. Bertsekas and E. Gafni and R. Gallagher", title = "Second Derivative Algorithms for Minimum Delay Routing in Networks", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications", volume = "COM-32", number = "8", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Bhat:1995:ASC, title = "An Agent System for Case Adaptation", author = "Raghu R. Bhat", pages = "440", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This article delineates an agent system to solve a particular design problem - conflict-free layout of supply-air systems in buildings. The structuring of this problem leads to a space of design tasks with a default order defined by the problem domain. Any one of these tasks can be the current task of the designer and is subject to influence from a case. The case is decomposed to extract a sequence of tasks to aid the designer in solving the current task, as well as geometric and relational information about the objects which make up the case. Each of these tasks in the case is instantiated into a computational agent, with a behavioral and a domain knowledge component. The behavioral component consists of a set of generic spatial actions, organised in layers. The domain component consists of knowledge needs for the layout of supply-air pipes. A generic control system is defined both for the interaction between the behavioral and domain component of the agent, as well as interaction between groups of agents. An interactive application of the designer, information from the case and agents then drives the problem to an intended solution. A scenario is sketched to give an idea of the case adaptation system in action.", keywords = "Agent Systems, Case Adaptation, Active Medium", } @Unpublished{Birman:1986:PSB, author = "Kenneth P. Birman and Thomas A. Joseph and Frank Schmuck and Pat Stephenson", title = "Programming with Shared Bulletin Boards in Asynchronous Distributed Systems", month = dec, year = "1986", note = "Department of Computer Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY", } @InProceedings{Bisiani:1986:SHE, author = "R. Bisiani", title = "A Software and Hardware Environment for Developing {AI} Applications on Parallel Processors", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "742--747", month = Aug, year = "1986", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 451--456, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InCollection{Bisiani:1987:AAE, author = "R. Bisiani and F. Alleva and A. Forin and R. Lerner and M. Bauer", title = "The Architecture of the Agora Environment", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "4", pages = "99--118", year = "1987", } @TechReport{Bisiani:1987:HPP, author = "R. Bisiani and F. Alleva and F. Correrini and A. Forin and F. Lecouat and R. Lerner", title = "Heterogeneous Parallel Processing: {T}he {A}gora Shared Memory", number = "CMU-CS-87-112", institution = "Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = Mar, year = "1987", } @Book{Blau:1984:CSC, author = "P. M. Blau and J. E. Schwartz", title = "Crosscutting Social Circles: Testing a Macrostructural Theory of Group Relationships", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1984", address = "New York", } @Article{Bobrow:1986:ESP, author = "Daniel G. Bobrow and Sanjay Mittal and Mark J. Stefik", title = "Expert System : Perils and Promise", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "29", number = "9", pages = "880--894", month = sep, year = "1986", abstract = "Xerox Palo Alto Research Center", } @Article{Bobrow:1991:DIS, author = "D. Bobrow", title = "Dimensions of Interaction: {A} shift of Perspective in Artificial Intelligence", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "12", number = "3", year = "1991", } @Book{Bochmann:1983:DSD, author = "Gregor v. Bochmann", title = "Distributed Systems Design", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", year = "1983", address = "Berlin", } @InProceedings{Boddy:1989:STD, author = "Mark Boddy and Thomas Dean", title = "Solving Time-Dependent Planning Problems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Detroit, MI", pages = "979--984", month = Aug, year = "1989", } @InCollection{Boehm:1979:SER, title = "Software Engineering: {R} and {D} trends and defense needs", author = "W. Boehm", editor = "Wegener, P. (Ed)", booktitle = "Research Directions in Software Technology", year = "1979", publisher = "M. I. T. Press", address = "Cambridge, Mass.", } @Article{Boehm:1988:SMS, author = "W. Boehm", title = "A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement", journal = "IEEE Computer", month = May, year = "1988", pages = "61--72", } @Book{Bogart:1983:IC, author = "K. P. Bogart", title = "Introductory Combinatorics", publisher = "Pitman", address = "Boston, MA", year = "1983", } @InCollection{Bond:1988:APR, author = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", title = "An Analysis of Problems and Research in {DAI}", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers", address = "San Mateo, CA", year = "1988", pages = "3--35", } @Book{Bond:1988:RDA, title = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Bond:1989:CEE, author = "Alan H. Bond", title = "The Cooperation of Experts in Engineering Design", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Michael N. Huhns and Les Gasser", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Bond:1990:CCM, author = "Alan H. Bond", title = "Commitment: {A} Computational Model for Organizations of Cooperating Intelligent Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Conference on Office Automation Systems", year = "1990", address = "Cambridge, MA", pages = "21--30", } @Book{Bondy:1976:GTA, author = "J. A. Bondy and U. S. R. Murty", title = "Graph Theory with Applications", publisher = "North-Holland", address = "New York, NY", year = "1976", } @InCollection{Bonissone:1986:PRC, author = "Piero P. Bonissone", title = "Plausible Reasoning: Coping with Uncertainty in Expert Systems", booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", year = "1986", editor = "S. C. Shapiro", } @Unpublished{Bonissone:1986:RUI, author = "Piero P. Bonissone", title = "Reasoning with Uncertain and Incomplete Information: {DARPA} Demonstration Road Map", note = "Working Paper, GE Corporate Research and Development", year = "1986", } @InCollection{Bonissone:1986:SUC, author = "Piero P. Bonissone and Keith S. Decker", title = "Selecting Uncertainty Calculi and Granularity: An Experiment in Trading-off Precision and Complexity", booktitle = "Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "North Holland", year = "1986", editor = "L. N. Kanal and J. F. Lemmer", } @InProceedings{Bonissone:1987:RLA, author = "Piero P. Bonissone and Steven S. Gans and Keith S. Decker", title = "{RUM}: {A} Layered Architecture for Reasoning with Uncertainty", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = aug, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Bordini:1995:LSA, title = "Linguistic Support for Agent Migration", author = "Rafael Heitor Bordini and Ant\^{o}nio Carlos da Rocha Costa and Jomi Fred H{\"{}u}bner and Rosa Maria Viccari", pages = "441", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper we propose some linguistic features to support the migration of agents between societies that have different communication mechanisms, that is, dealing with the problem of an agent entering any existing society whose communication means are unknown. We think that such features will become increasingly important in the account of complex, heterogeneous, adaptive, evolutionary, continuously running, open systems. We give intuitive ideas concerning the architecture of multi-agent systems where this phenomenon may occur. We propose that agents able to migrate must interpret a universal meta-language that can express in a formal way the syntax and semantics of the languages for protocol description and execution used in the target societies. We also propose that the arriving agents must have access to some minimum meta-protocols allowing them to perform minimal interactions leading to the learning of the protocols used in each society. Some implementation issues and future applications are discussed.", } @InProceedings{Borghoff:1995:ABD, title = "Agent-based Document Construction", author = "Uwe Borghoff and Remo Pareschi and Jean-Marc Andreoli and Francesca Arcelli and Ferrante Formato and Hans Schlichter", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InCollection{Bouron:1991:MMA, author = "T. Bouron and J. Ferber and F. Samuel", title = "{MAGES}: {A} Multi-Agent Testbed for Heterogeneous Agents", booktitle = "Decentralised Artificial Intelligence 2", editor = "Y. Demazeau and {J-P} Muller", publisher = "Elsevier", year = "1991", } @Article{Brachman:1983:KFA, author = "Ronald J. Brachman and Richard E. Fikes and Hector J. Levesque", title = "Krypton: {A} Functional Approach to Knowledge Representation", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "67--73", month = oct, year = "1983", abstract = "Fairchild Lab for Artificial Intelligence Research, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center", } @Article{Brachman:1983:WIA, author = "Ronald J. Brachman", title = "What {IS}-{A} Is and Isn't: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "30--36", month = oct, year = "1983", abstract = "Fairchild Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence Research", } @InProceedings{Bradshaw:1995:KGA, title = "{KAoS}: {A} Generic Agent Architecture for Aerospace Applications", author = "Jeffrey M. Bradshaw and Stewart Dutfield and Bob Carpenter and Renia Jeffers and Tom Robinson", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Brand:1983:CFS, author = "Daniel Brand and Pitro Zafiropulo", title = "On Communicating Finite-State Machines", journal = JACM, volume = "30", number = "2", pages = "323--342", month = apr, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Brazdil:1991:LDS, author = "P. Brazdil and M. Gams and S. Sian and L. Torgo and W. van de Velde", title = "Learning in Distributed Systems and Multi-Agent Environments", booktitle = "European Working Session on Learning", series = "Lecture Notes in AI, 482", publisher = "Springer Verlag", address = "Berlin", month = mar, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Brazier:1995:FSM, title = "Formal Specification of Multi-Agent Systems: a Real-World Case", author = "Frances Brazier and Barbara Dunin-Keplicz and Nick R. Jennings and Jan Treur", pages = "25--32", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper the framework DESIRE, originally designed for formal specification of complex reasoning systems is used to specify a real world multi-agent application on a conceptual level. Some extensions to DESIRE are introduced to obtain a useful formal specification framework for multi-agent systems.", keywords = "Integrated testbeds and development environments, development and engineering methodologies", } @InProceedings{Brazier:1996:MCB, title = "Modelling Cooperative Behaviour for Resource Access", author = "Frances Brazier and Jan Treur and Pascal van Eck", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Book{Breuker:1994:CLE, address = "Amsterdam", editor = "J. A. Breuker and W. {Van de Velde}", month = aug, publisher = "IOS-Press", series = "Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications", title = "{CommonKADS} Library for Expertise Modelling: {R}eusable problem solving components", volume = "21", year = "1994", issn_isbn = "90 5199 164 9", } @InProceedings{Bridgeland:1990:DTM, author = "David Murray Bridgeland and Michael N. Huhns", title = "Distributed Truth Maintenance", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "72--77", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Briggs:1995:FSL, author = "Will Briggs and Diane Cook", title = "Flexible social laws", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "688--693", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Brigitteaassri:1990:NRC, author = "Brigitte L\^{a}assri and Hassan L\^{a}assri and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Negotiation and Its Role in Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Texas", month = oct, note = "Also COINS TR--90--39", } @Book{Bromley:1986:LLG, author = "Hank Bromley", title = "Lisp Lore: {A} guide to programming on the Lisp machine", publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers", year = "1986", } @TechReport{Brooks:1979:DPS, author = "Richard S. Brooks and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Distributed Problem Solving using Iterative Refinement", number = "79-14", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = May, year = "1979", } @TechReport{Brooks:1980:BPO, author = "Richard S. Brooks", title = "A Balance Principle for Optimal Access Control", number = "80-20", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Nov, year = "1980", } @PhdThesis{Brooks:1983:EDP, author = "Richard S. Brooks", title = "Experiments in Distributed Problem Solving with Iterative Refinement", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1983", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 82-25, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, October 1982.)", } @Book{Brooks:1985:PCL, author = "Rodney A. Brooks", title = "Programming in Common Lisp", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1985", } @Article{Brooks:1986:RLC, author = "Rodney A. Brooks", title = "A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot", journal = "IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation", volume = "RA-2", number = "1", pages = "14--23", month = mar, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Brooks:1995:ASQ, title = "An Architecture for Supporting Quasi-agent Entities in the {WWW}", author = "Charles Brooks and W. Scott Meeks and Murray S. Mazer", notes = "(Additional Papers, extended abstract)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Broverman:1987:RPR, author = "C. A. Broverman and K. E. Huff and V. R. Lesser", title = "The role of plan recognition in design of an intelligent user interface", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Conference", year = "1987", pages = "863--868", address = "Atlanta, Georgia", } @Article{Brown:1986:KCM, author = "David C. Brown and B. Chandrasekaran", title = "Knowledge and Control for a Mechanical Design Expert System", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "92--100", month = jul, year = "1986", abstract = "Brown: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Chandrasekaran: Ohio State Univ.", } @InProceedings{Browne:1995:NSP, title = "Need for a Security Profile for Agent Environments", author = "Shirley Browne", notes = "(Additional Papers, position paper)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Bruce:1978:IP, author = "Bertram Bruce and Dennis Newman", title = "Interacting Plans", journal = "Cognitive Science", pages = "195--233", year = "1978", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 248--267, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{BruceAmbrosio:1987:RTP, author = "Bruce D'Ambrosio and Michael R. Fehling and Stephanie Forrest and Peter Raulefs and B. Michael Wilber", title = "Real-Time Process Management for Materials Composition in Chemical Manufacturing", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "80--93", year = "1987", abstract = "D'Ambrosia, Raulefs: FMC Corporation; Fehling, Forrest, Wilber : Teknowledge, Inc.", } @Book{Budd:1991:IOO, author = "Timothy A. Budd", title = "An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1991", address = "Reading, Mass.", abstract = "A good introduction to object oriented programming using four different oo languages - while remaining independent of any particular language to demonstrate the concepts. This is tricky, but done well.", } @InProceedings{Bui:1996:NAL, author = "H. H. Bui and D. Kieronska", title = "Negotiating agents that learn about other's preferences.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Bull:1996:ECM, author = "Lawrence Bull and Terence C. Fogarty", title = "Evolution in cooperative multiagent environments.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Article{Burrell:1994:WOW, author = "G. Burrell and M. Reed and M. Alverson and M. Cal\'{a}s and L. Smircich", title = "Why {Organization}? Why Now?", journal = "Organization", year = "1994", volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "5--17", } @Unpublished{Burstein:1991:IFD, author = "Mark Burstein", title = "Integrated Feasibilty Demonstrations Within the {DARPA/RL} Planning and Scheduling Initiative", note = "Section 5 of the Working Group Reports for the DARPA/RL Knowledge Based Scheduling and Planning Initiative", year = "1991", } @Book{Burt:1982:TST, author = "R. S. Burt", title = "Toward a structural theory of action : network models of social structure, perception, and action", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1982", series = "Quantitative studies in social relations", address = "New York", } @Book{Burton:1984:DEO, author = "Richard M. Burton and B{\o}rge Obel", title = "Designing Efficient Organizations: Modelling and Experimentation", publisher = "North Holland", year = "1984", address = "Amsterdam", } @Article{Busch:1991:IOD, author = "E. Busch and M. Hamalainen and Y. Suh and A Whinston and C. Holsapple", title = "Issues and Obstacles in the Development of Team Support Systems", journal = "Journal of Organizational Computing", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "161--186", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Byrne:1995:RAG, author = "Ciara Byrne and Pete Edwards", title = "Refinement in Agent groups", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "1--7", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "A group of intelligent agents may work together in order to solve a problem or achieve a common goal. If the group fails to achieve a goal, it may be able to adapt its behaviour so that such a goal can be achieved in the future. One of the ways in which the behaviour of the agent group can be changed is by refining the knowledge of individual agents.", } @InProceedings{Byrne:1995:RKM, title = "Refining the knowledge of multiple agents", author = "Ciara Byrne and Peter Edwards", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @Article{Cammarata:1983:SCD, author = "Stephanie Cammarata and David McArthur and Randall Steeb", title = "Strategies of Cooperation in Distributed Problem Solving", journal = "Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "767--770", year = "1983", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 102--105, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", abstract = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence is concerned with problem solving in which groups solve tasks. In this paper we describe strategies of cooperation that groups require to solve shared tasks effectively. We discuss such strategies in the context of a specific group problem solving application: collision avoidance in air traffic control. Experimental findings with four distinct air-traffic control systems, each implementing a different cooperative strategy, are mentioned.", } @InProceedings{Cardie:1993:UDT, author = "Claire Cardie", title = "Using Decision Trees to Improve Case--Based Learning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Machine Learning", year = "1993", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.", pages = "25--32", } @InCollection{Carley:1994:ATE, author = "K. M. Carley and M. J. Prietula", title = "{ACTS} Theory: Extending the Model of Bounded Rationality", booktitle = "Computational Organization Theory", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1994", editor = "K. M. Carley and M. J. Prietula", chapter = "4", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", pages = "55--89", } @Book{Carley:1994:COT, editor = "K. M. Carley and M. J. Prietula", title = "Computational Organization Theory", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Carlsson:1995:EMM, title = "An evolutionary model of Multi-Agent Systems", author = "Bengt Carlsson", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Carmel:1995:OMM, author = "David Carmel and Shaul Markovitch", title = "Opponent Modeling in a Multi-agent System", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "8--13", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Agents that operate in a multi-agent system need an efficient strategy to handle their encounters with other agents involved in that system. Searching for an optimal interactive strategy is a hard problem because it depends mostly on the behavior of the others. In this work, interaction among agents is represented as a repeated two-player game, where an agents' objective is to look for a strategy that maximizes their expected sum of rewards in the game. We assume that agents' strategies can be modeled as finite automata. A {\em model based reasoning} approach is presented as a possible method for learning an efficient interactive strategy. First, we describe how an agent should find an optimal strategy against a given model. Second, we present a heuristic algorithm that infers a model of the opponent's automata from its input/output behavior. A set of experiments that show the potential merit of the algorithm is reported as well.", } @InProceedings{Carver:1984:FPR, author = "Norman F. Carver and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel L. McCue", title = "Focusing in Plan Recognition", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Austin, TX", pages = "42--48", month = Aug, year = "1984", } @TechReport{Carver:1988:EBP, author = "Norman Carver", title = "Evidence Based Plan Recognition", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1988", number = "88--13", } @TechReport{Carver:1989:PCI, author = "Norman Carver and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Planning for the Control of an Interpretation System", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1989", number = "89-39", month = apr, } @InProceedings{Carver:1991:NFS, author = "Norman Carver and Victor Lesser", title = "A New Framework for Sensor Interpretation: Planning to Resolve Sources of Uncertainty", year = "1991", pages = "724--731", month = aug, booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", } @InProceedings{Carver:1991:SCF, author = "Norman Carver and Zarko Cvetanovic and Victor Lesser", title = "Sophisticated Cooperation in {FA/C} Distributed Problem Solving Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim", pages = "191--198", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Carver:1995:DTR, title = "The {DRESUN} Testbed for Research in {FA}/{C} Distributed Situation Assessment: Extensions to the Model of External Evidence", author = "N. Carver and V. Lesser", pages = "33--40", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper reports on extensions that have been made to the DRESUN testbed for research on distributed situation assessment (DSA). These extensions involve issues that have arisen in modeling the beliefs of other agents when dealing with inter-agent communication of incomplete and conflicting evidence, and evidence at multiple levels of abstraction. The extensions support highly directed exchanges of results among agents because they better represent the uncertainties that occur when DRESUN agents exchange incomplete and conflicting information. This is important in FA/C systems because agents must share results in order to satisfy their local goals as well as the overall system goals. Unless this sharing can be done efficiently, a distributed approach may be inappropriate.", keywords = "Testbed, FA/C Distributed Problem Solving, distributed situation assessment, modeling agent beliefs.", } @Article{Casavant:1988:TSG, author = "Thomas L. Casavant and Jon G. Kuhl", title = "A Taxonomy of Scheduling in General-Purpose Distributed Computing Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering", volume = "14", number = "2", pages = "141--154", month = feb, year = "1988", } @Article{Casavant:1990:CFA, author = "Thomas L. Casavant and Jon G. Kuhl", title = "A Communicating Finite Automata Approach to Modeling Distributed Computation and Its Application to Distributed Decision-Making", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "39", number = "5", pages = "628--639", month = May, year = "1990", abstract = "University of Iowa A modelling technique using finite automata to describe operations of agent and a directed graph to describe their interaction pattern during communication is described. This model assumes message passing in hops from one agent to another and is used to examine issues such as : distribution of information of information among agents and the trade off between processing required to make a decision and quality of decisions made.", } @InProceedings{Casey:1977:DSD, author = "L. Casey and N. Shelness", title = "A Domain Structure for Distributed Computer Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth {ACM} Symposium on Operating System Principles", pages = "101--108", month = nov, year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Castelfranchi:1993:CII, author = "C. Castelfranchi", title = "Commitments:from individual intentions to groups and organizations", booktitle = "AI and theories of groups \& organizations: Conceptual and Empirical Research", year = "1993", organization = "AAAI Workshop", editor = "Michael Prietula", note = "Working Notes", } @InProceedings{Castelfranchi:1995:CII, title = "Commitments: from individual intentions to groups and organizations", author = "Cristiano Castelfranchi", pages = "41--48", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The aim of this work is to introduce some notions of Commitment as a descriptive ontology crucial for the understanding of groups' and organizations' functioning, and of the relations between individual agents and collective activity. Some of the basic ingredients of such notions are identified and some steps are made towards their definition. In particular, it is claimed that a notion of Commitment is needed as a mediation between the individual and the collective one. Before constructing a notion of {"}Collective or Group Commitment{"} a notion of {"}Social Commitment{"} is to be defined. {"}Social commitment{"} is not an individual Commitment shared by many agents; it is the Commitment of one agent to another. The normative contents (entitlements / obligations) of this social relation are stressed and its connections with individual intentions and collective activity. On that basis, a notion of Organizational Commitment is proposed, that could account for the structure of stable Organizations. Commitment is a crucial notion both to analyse the structure of Organizations and to support cooperative work, but a deeper analysis is needed, connecting agent's mental states with social relations and structure.", keywords = "Conceptual and theoretical foundations of MAS; Agent architectures (Commitment)", } @InProceedings{Cavedon:1995:LFM, title = "A logical framework for multi-agent systems and joint attitudes", author = "Lawrence Cavedon and Gil Tidhar", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Cesta:1996:CIA, title = "Comparing interaction attitudes in a simulated multi-agent environment", author = "A. Cesta and M. Miceli and P. Rizzo", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Cesta:1996:EDI, title = "Effects of Different Interaction Attitudes on a Multi-Agent System Performance", author = "Amedeo Cesta and Maria Miceli and Paola Rizzo", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Article{Chaib-draa:1992:DAI, author = "B. Chaib-draa and R. Mandiau and P. Millot", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence: {A}n Annotated Bibliography", journal = "SIGART Bulletin", volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "20--37", month = aug, year = "1992", } @Book{Chambers:1984:DC, editor = "F. B. Chambers and D. A. Duce and G. P. Jones", title = "Distributed Computing", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1984", volume = "20", series = "APIC Studies in Data Processing", address = "London", } @Article{Chandrasekaran:1981:NSS, author = "B. Chandrasekaran", title = "Natural and Social System Metaphors for Distributed Problem Solving: {I}ntroduction to the Issue", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "1--5", month = Jan, year = "1981", } @Article{Chandrasekaran:1983:TTP, author = "B. Chandrasekaran", title = "Towards a Taxonomy of Problem Solving Types", journal = "AI Magazine", year = "1983", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "9--17", month = "Winter-Spring", } @Article{Chandrasekaran:1993:IAN, author = "B. Chandrasekaran", title = "An Interview with {A}llen {N}ewell", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "5--12", year = "1993", month = Jun, volume = "8", number = "3", } @Article{Chandy:1981:ADS, author = "K. M. Chandy and I. Misra", title = "Asynchronous Distributed Simulation via a Sequence of Parallel Computations", journal = "Comm. of the ACM", pages = "198--206", year = "1981", volume = "24", month = Apr, } @InProceedings{Chang:1985:PS, author = "Ernest Chang", title = "Participant Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1985 Distributed Artificial Intelligence Workshop", year = "1985", month = dec, } @InCollection{Chang:1987:PS, author = "Ernest Chang", title = "Participant Systems", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "11", pages = "311--339", year = "1987", } @Article{Chang:1988:PMP, author = "Kai-Hsuing Chang and William G. Wee", title = "A Planning Model with Problem Analysis and Operator Hierarchy", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "10", number = "5", pages = "672--675", month = sep, year = "1988", abstract = "Kai-Hsuing Chang: Auburn Univ. William G. Wee: University of Cincinatti", } @Article{Chapanis:1975:IHC, author = "Alphonse Chapanis", title = "Interactive human communication", journal = "Scientific American", volume = "232", number = "3", pages = "36--42", month = Mar, year = "1975", } @InProceedings{Charniak:1991:PMP, title = "A Probabilistic Model of Plan Recognition", author = "Eugene Charniak and Robert Goldman", pages = "160--165", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @Misc{CHECKMATE:19xx:ACP, author = "CHECKMATE", title = "Air Campaign Planning--An Approach for the Future", howpublished = "White Paper", } @InProceedings{Cheeseman:1984:RTA, author = "Peter Cheeseman", title = "A Representation of Time for Automatic Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Robotics", pages = "513--518", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Cheeseman:1985:DP, author = "Peter Cheeseman", title = "In Defense of Probability", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "1002--1009", month = Aug, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Cheikes:1995:GAB, title = "{GIA}: {A}n Agent-Based Architecture for Intelligent Tutoring Systems", author = "Brant A. Cheikes", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Cheng:1986:DSG, author = "S. Cheng and J. A. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham", title = "Dynamic Scheduling of Groups of Tasks with Precedence Constraints in Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems", booktitle = "Real-time Systems Symposium", year = "1986", month = dec, } @InCollection{Cheng:1988:SAH, author = "S. Cheng and J. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham", title = "Scheduling Algorithms for Hard Real-Time Systems", booktitle = "Hard Real-Time Systems", publisher = "IEEE Press", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Cheng:1989:OPS, author = "Jie Cheng and Keki B. Irani", title = "Ordering Problem Subgoals", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "931--936", year = "1989", abstract = "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Univ. of Michigam, Ann Arbor, MI", } @InProceedings{Chien:1975:PEI, author = "R. T. Chien and S. Weissman", title = "Planning and Execution in Incompletely Specified Environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "169--174", month = aug, year = "1975", } @InProceedings{Chimura:1995:MMS, title = "Map Making as a Support for Cooperation", author = "Fumihiko Chimura and Mario Tokoro", pages = "442", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We take up a meeting task where agents try to gather into a single location starting from distributed arrangements. An efficient solution is one in which all agents work simultaneously, and in which the meeting location determines adaptively. However, the difficulty with this solution is that the agents, and hence the meeting location, will move unpredictably. We evaluate a dynamic solution that uses the trailblazer search as the search strategy of agents. Considering the tradeoff between reaction time and number of moves, the trailblazer search is an algorithm that dynamically maintains a map of where an agent has already searched through in the problem space (Chimura & Tokoro 94). Through a simple simulation we show the effect of agents maintaining maps, hence show that mapping functions can facilitate cooperation in meeting tasks.", } @Book{Chisholm:1989:CHI, author = "Donald Chisholm", title = "Coordination Without Hierarchy: Informal Structures in Multiorganizational Systems", publisher = "University of California Press", year = "1989", address = "Berkeley", } @InProceedings{Chu-Carroll:1995:CCR, title = "Communication for conflict resolution in multi-agent collaborative planning", author = "Jennifer Chu-Carroll and Sandra Carberry", pages = "49--56", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Conflict management, communication, and negotiation are important components of collaborative multi-agent activity. Thus, a collaborative agent must be able to handle situations in which conflicts arise and negotiate with other agents to reach an agreement. This paper presents a model which 1) captures multi-agent collaboration in a {"}Propose-Evaluate-Modify{"} cycle of actions, 2) initiates negotiation with the executing agent to resolve detected conflicts regarding proposed actions and proposed beliefs, 3) selects the focus of the modification process when multiple conflicts arise, and 4) handles the negotiation of proposed domain actions, proposed problem-solving actions, and proposed beliefs in a unified manner.", } @Book{Chu:1977:ACC, author = "W. W. Chu.", title = "Advances in Computer Communications", publisher = "Artech House", address = "Dedham, Massachusetts", year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Cimatti:1995:MRB, title = "Multiagent Reasoning with Belief Contexts {II}: Elaboration Tolerance", author = "Alessandro Cimatti and Luciano Serafini", pages = "57--64", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "As discussed in previous papers, belief contexts are a powerful and appropriate formalism for the representation and implementation of propositional attitudes in a multiagent environment. In this paper we show that a formalization using belief contexts is also elaboration tolerant. That is, it is able to cope with minor changes to input problems without major revisions. Elaboration tolerance is a vital property for building situated agents: it allows for adapting and re-using a previous problem representation in different (but related) situations, rather than building a new representation from scratch. We substantiate our claims by discussing a number of variations to a paradigmatic case study, the Three Wise Men problem.", keywords = "Theoretical Foundations for Multiagent Systems - Reasoning about Propositional Attitudes", } @InProceedings{Clancey:1981:NRR, author = "William J. Clancey and Reed Letsinger", title = "{NEOMYCIN}: {R}econfiguring a Rule-based Expert System for Application to Teaching", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "829--836", month = aug, year = "1981", } @Article{Clancey:1983:ERB, author = "William J. Clancey", title = "The Epistemology of a Rule-Based Expert System---{A} Framework for Explanation", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "20", pages = "215--251", year = "1983", } @Article{Clark:1987:OAA, author = "Phil Clark", title = "Office Automation: Automation Gains Municipal Ground", journal = "American City \& County", pages = "10", month = jan, year = "1987", } @TechReport{Clark:1990:GOC, author = "R. Clark and C. Grossner", title = "Generation of Organizations for Cooperating Expert systems", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0290-0002", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Feb, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Clark:1992:AGP, author = "R. Clark", title = "Automatic Generation of Proposals", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0892-0015", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = aug, year = "1992", } @MastersThesis{Clark:1992:CPPa, author = "R. Clark", title = "{CONSENSUS}: {A} Planning Protocol for Cooperating Expert Systems", school = "Concordia University", year = "1992", abstract = "", } @InProceedings{Clark:1992:CPPb, author = "R. Clark and C. Grossner and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "{CONSENSUS}: {A} Planning Protocol for Cooperating Expert Systems", booktitle = "11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Glen Arbor, Michigan", month = Feb, year = "1992", note = "", abstract = "", } @TechReport{Clark:1992:DAI, author = "R. Clark", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence Reference List", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0692-0014", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jun, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Clark:1993:CCP, author = "R. Clark and C. Grossner and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "{CONSENSUS} and {COMPROMISE}: Planning in Cooperating Expert Systems", booktitle = "Submitted for review to Int. Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Clark:1995:LBI, title = "A Language for Building Intelligent Distributed Information Retrieval Systems", author = "Keith Clark", notes = "(Additional Papers, position paper)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Clarke-Hayes:1989:MPP, author = "Caroline Clarke-Hayes", title = "A Model of Planning for Plan Efficiency: Taking Advantage of Operator Overlap", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "949--953", year = "1989", abstract = "The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon Univ. This paper focuses on operator overlap, which is a positive interaction (as opposed to the usual detection of only negative interactions) that occurs when two operators share work. The example is given using machinists making parts.", } @TechReport{Clinger:1981:FAS, author = "W. Clinger", title = "Foundations of Actor Semantics", institution = "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", year = "1981", number = "633", address = "Cambridge, MA", month = may, } @InProceedings{Clouse:1995:LAT, title = "Learning from an automated training agent", author = "Jeffrey Clouse", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @PhdThesis{Cohen:1978:KWS, author = "Philip R. Cohen", title = "On Knowing What to Say: {P}lanning Speech Acts", school = "University of Toronto", month = Jan, year = "1978", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 118, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, January 1978.)", } @Article{Cohen:1979:EPB, author = "Philip R. Cohen and C. Raymond Perrault", title = "Elements of a Plan-Based Theory of Speech Acts", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "177--212", year = "1979", } @Book{Cohen:1985:HRA, author = "Paul R. Cohen", title = "Heuristic Reasoning about Uncertainty : An Artificial Intelligence Approach", publisher = "Pitman Publishing Inc", year = "1985", volume = "2", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", call_number = "PSE Q 375 C64", } @InProceedings{Cohen:1986:PIC, author = "Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque", title = "Persistence, Intention, and Commitment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop on Reasoning About Actions and Plans", month = jul, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Cohen:1987:ICC, author = "Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque", title = "Intention {=} Choice {+} Commitment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "410--415", month = Jul, year = "1987", } @Article{Cohen:1988:HEG, author = "Paul R. Cohen", title = "How Evaluation Guides {AI} Research", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "35--43", month = "Winter", year = "1988", } @Article{Cohen:1989:TFU, author = "Paul R. Cohen and Michael L. Greenberg and David M. Hart and Adele E. Howe", title = "Trial by Fire: {U}nderstanding the design requirements for agents in complex environments", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "10", number = "3", pages = "32--48", month = "Fall", year = "1989", note = "Also COINS-TR-89-61", abstract = "University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Multiple agent system is built which simulates forest fires and uses the agents for fire control. Agents work in a real time uncertain environment, organization of agents is simple hierarchy but others are being investigated [lesser].", } } @Article{Cohen:1990:ICC, author = "Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque", title = "Intention is Choice with Commitment", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1990", volume = "42", number = "3", pages = "213--261", } @InCollection{Cohen:1990:RIB, author = "P. R. Cohen and H. J. Levesque", title = "Rational Interaction as the Basis for Communication", booktitle = "Intentions in Communication", editor = "P. R. Cohen and J. Morgan and M. E. Pollack", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1990", } @Article{Cohen:1991:SEN, author = "Paul R. Cohen", title = "A Survey of the {E}ighth {N}ational {C}onference on {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence: Pulling Together or Pulling Apart?", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "12", number = "1", pages = "16--41", month = "Spring", year = "1991", abstract = "a discussion of the experimental method (or lack of same) in AI papers, and how to correct the problems.", } @Unpublished{Cohen:1992:TG, author = "Paul R. Cohen", title = "Tactics For Generalization", note = "Course notes for Experimental Design in AI", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Cohen:1995:CAA, title = "Communicative Actions for Artificial Agents", author = "Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", pages = "65--72", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper considers the semantics of the agent communication language KQML. By using this language for communication, agents will be able to request and deliver services to one another. Indeed, numerous projects have shown how the language can profitably support interoperation among distributed agents. However, before becoming a widely-accepted standard, it would be worthwhile to examine the language in detail. This paper explores semantical issues raised by KQML, specifically the use of performatives for interagent communication. Numerous difficulties with the language are identified, and an attempt is made to point to their resolution. The paper illustrates the kind of semantics we believe to be necessary to characterize agent communication languages, and applies it to compose a question from a request and an inform. Finally, the paper discusses possible impacts to be felt on various KQML decisions from the semantical issues raised here.", keywords = "Agent Communication Languages, KQML, speech acts", } @InCollection{Collinot:1989:RBB, author = "Anne Collinot", title = "Revising the {BB1} Basic Control Loop to Control the Behavior of Knowledge Sources", booktitle = "Blackboard Architectures and Applications", publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.", year = "1989", editor = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala and Lawrence S. Baum", pages = "27--43", } @InProceedings{Collinot:1990:RTC, author = "Anne Collinot and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Real-Time Control of Reasoning: {E}xperiments with Two Control Models", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "263--270", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Collins:1989:AMD, author = "Gregg Collins and Lawrence Birnbaum and Bruce Krulwich", title = "An Adaptive Model of Decision-Making in Planning", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "511--516", year = "1989", abstract = "Gregg Collins: Univ. of Illinois Dept of Computer Science at Urbana Lawrence Birnbaum, Bruce Krulwich: Yale Univ. Dept of Computer Science. When confronted with a novel planning environment, a planner must be prepared to adapt its decision-making processes to that environment, balancing the trade-off between sophistication and cost (for example, cost in time). Chess is used as an example domain.", } @InProceedings{Connell:1989:IIH, author = "M. Connell and K. E. Huff and V. R. Lesser", title = "Implementing an Incremental Hierarchical Plan Recognition System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd AAAI Workshop on Plan Recognition", year = "1989", address = "IJCAI-89, Detroit", } @TechReport{Connell:1991:PCI, author = "M. E. Connell and K. E. Huff and V. R. Lesser", title = "Planning in the Context of an Intelligent Assistant", institution = "Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts", type = "Technical Report", year = "1991", number = "91--44", } @InProceedings{Conrad:1996:SET, title = "Specifying Evolving Temporal Behaviour", author = "Stefan Conrad and Gunter Saake", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Conry:1985:SKB, author = "S. Conry and R. Meyer and J. Searlemen", title = "A Shared Knowledge Base for Independent Problem Solving Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Expert Systems in Government Symposium", address = "Mc Lean, Virginia", month = Oct, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Conry:1986:MND, author = "Susan E. Conry and Robert A. Meyer and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Multistage Negotiation in Distributed Planning", booktitle = "{COINS TR86-87}", pages = "1--17", year = "1986", note = "also in Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, {\em Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, pages 367--384. Morgan Kaufman Publishers, Inc., San Mateo, California, 1988.", abstract = "Negotiation in planning is demonstated using virtual circuits in a network as an example.", } @InCollection{Conry:1988:MND, author = "Susan E. Conry and Robert A. Meyer and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Multistage Negotiation in Distributed Planning", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "367--384", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Conry:1989:MAN, author = "S. E. Conry and R. A. Meyer and R. P. Pope", title = "Mechanisms for Assessing Nonlocal Impact of Local Decisions in Distributed Planning", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Conry:1990:DDA, author = "Susan E. Conry and Douglas J. MacIntosh and Robert A. Meyer", title = "{DARES:} {A} {D}istributed {A}utomated {RE}asoning {S}ystem", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "78--85", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @Article{Conry:1991:MND, author = "S. E. Conry and K. Kuwabara and V. R. Lesser and R. A. Meyer", title = "Multistage Negotiation for Distributed Constraint Satisfaction", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", pages = "1462--1477", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InCollection{Conte:1991:LLC, author = "R. Conte and M. Miceli and C. Castelfranchi", title = "Limits and Levels of Cooperation: {D}isentangling various types of Prosocial Interaction", booktitle = "Decentralized AI", volume = "2", editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. Muller", publisher = "North Holland", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Conte:1996:CP, title = "From conventions to prescriptions", author = "R. Conte and C. Castelfranchi", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @MastersThesis{Corkill:1976:MDC, author = "Daniel David Corkill", title = "A Model for the Design of Conversational Programs", school = "University of Nebraska", month = Dec, year = "1976", } @Article{Corkill:1976:PPA, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "{PARTNER}: {P}attern Actuated Responses to Natural {E}nglish Ramblings", journal = "Nebraska Blue Print", volume = "65", number = "3", pages = "4--7", month = Feb, year = "1976", } @TechReport{Corkill:1977:FFU, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "{FUTIL}: {FORTRAN} Utilities for {APL} Files", institution = "APL Group, University Computing Center, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Jul, year = "1977", } @TechReport{Corkill:1977:ISF, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Indexed Sequential Files for {APL}", institution = "APL Group, University Computing Center, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Sep, year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1979:HPD, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Hierarchical Planning in a Distributed Environment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "168--175", month = Aug, year = "1979", note = "(An extended version was published as Technical Report 79-13, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, February 1979.)", } @Manual{Corkill:1980:CRM, title = "{CL}isp Reference Manual", author = "Daniel D. Corkill", address = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts", year = "1980", note = "(Periodically revised through 1984)", } @TechReport{Corkill:1980:OAP, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "An Organizational Approach to Planning in Distributed Problem Solving Systems", number = "80-13", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = May, year = "1980", } @TechReport{Corkill:1981:GDH, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Goal-directed {H}earsay-{II} Architecture: {U}nifying data-directed and goal-directed control", number = "81-15", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Jun, year = "1981", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1982:UDD, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Victor R. Lesser and Eva Hudlick\'a", title = "Unifying Data-Directed and Goal-Directed Control: {A}n Example and Experiments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", pages = "143--147", month = Aug, year = "1982", abstract = "Dept of Computer and Information Science, Univ. of Massachusetts The paper discusses how data-directed and goal-directed control can be integrated into a single, uniform framework through the generation of goals from data-directed events. A planner is added to the basic Hearsay II blackboard architecture as well as a goal section of the blackboard.", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1983:CDP, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Coordination in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "637--648", address = "Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan", month = Apr, year = "1983", } @PhdThesis{Corkill:1983:FOS, author = "Daniel David Corkill", title = "A Framework for Organizational Self-Design in Distributed Problem Solving Networks", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1983", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 82-33, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, December 1982.)", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1983:UML, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Victor R. Lesser", title = "The Use of Meta-Level Control for Coordination in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany", pages = "748--756", month = Aug, year = "1983", note = "(Also appeared in {\it Computer Architectures for Artificial Intelligence Applications}, Benjamin W. Wah and G.-J. Li, editors, IEEE Computer Society Press, pages 507--515, 1986)", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1986:GGBb, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Kevin Q. Gallagher and Kelly E. Murray", title = "{GBB}: {A} Generic Blackboard Development System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "1008--1014", month = Aug, year = "1986", acceptance = "187 of 817 submittted papers (23$\%$)", note = "(Also published in {\it Blackboard Systems}, Robert S. Engelmore and Anthony Morgan, editors, pages 503--518, Addison-Wesley, 1988.)", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 86-67, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, April 1986.)", } @InCollection{Corkill:1986:IGM, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "An Interactive Graphic Modeling Program for Arbitrary Closed Queuing Systems with Exponential Servers", booktitle = "Queuing Theory and System Modeling", editor = "Lester Lipsky", publisher = "Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska", pages = "1--19", month = May, year = "1986", } @TechReport{Corkill:1986:PPE, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Kevin Q. Gallagher and Philip M. Johnson", title = "From Prototype to Product: {E}volutionary Development within the Blackboard Paradigm", number = "86-46", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Oct, year = "1986", note = "(Presented at Workshop on High Level Tools for Knowledge Based Systems, Columbus, Ohio, October 7--8, 1986.)", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1987:AFE, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Kevin Q. Gallagher and Philip M. Johnson", title = "Achieving Flexibility, Efficiency, and Generality in Blackboard Architectures", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, WA", pages = "18--23", month = Jul, year = "1987", acceptance = "157 of 715 submittted papers (22$\%$)", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 451--456, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 87-37, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, April 1987.)", } @TechReport{Corkill:1988:DAP, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Design Alternatives for Parallel and Distributed Blackboard Systems", number = "88-38", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Aug, year = "1988", note = "(Presented at the AAAI-88 Blackboard Workshop, St.\ Paul, Minnesota, August 24, 1988. Also to appear in {\it Current Trends in Blackboard Systems}, V. Jagannathan and Raj T. Dodhiawala, editors, Academic Press, 1989.)", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1988:ICL, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Kelly E. Murray", title = "Issues in Common Lisp Multiprocessing", month = Mar, year = "1988", note = "(In preparation.)", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1988:TBB, author = "Daniel D. Corkill and Kevin Q. Gallagher", title = "Tuning a Blackboard-based Application: {A} case study using {GBB}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "St. Paul, MN", pages = "671--676", month = Aug, year = "1988", acceptance = "148 of 850 submittted papers (17$\%$)", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 88-37, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, April 1988.)", abstract = "Univ. of Massachusetts at Amherst to be presented at aaai 88. A generic Black Board system is described which can be used to construct application specific blackboards.", } @InProceedings{Corkill:1989:EPS, author = "Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Embedable Problem Solving Architectures: {A} study of integrating {OPS5} with {GBB}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Detroit, MI", month = Aug, year = "1989", note = "(Submitted.)", } @Book{Cormen:1990:IA, author = "Thomas H. Cormen and Charles E. Leiserson and Ronald L. Rivest", title = "Introduction to Algorithms", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", year = "1990", } @Misc{Corporation:19xx:AAC, author = "Corporation:19xx:AAC Corporation", title = "{ACPT}---The Air Campaign Planning Tool", howpublished = "White Paper", } @InProceedings{Courand:1990:CCF, author = "Gregory Courand", title = "Cooperation via Consensus Formation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Texas", month = oct, } @TechReport{Crane:1978:BSS, author = "Hewitt D. Crane", title = "Beyond the Seventh Synapse: The neural marketplace of the mind", type = "Research memorandum", organization = "SRI International", address = "Menlo Park, CA", month = Dec, year = "1978", } @Book{Crane:1980:NSM, author = "Hewitt D. Crane", title = "The New Social Marketplace: Notes on effecting social change in America's third century", publisher = "Ablex Publishing", year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Cranefield:1995:ABI, title = "Agent-based Integration of General-Purpose Tools", author = "Stephen Cranefield and Martin Purvis", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Croft:1988:KBS, author = "W. B. Croft and L. S. Lefkowitz", title = "Knowledge-Based Support of Cooperative Activities", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences", volume = "3", pages = "312--318", year = "1988", note = "(Published by IEEE Computer Society Press, Catalog Number 88TH0213-9.)", } @InProceedings{Crowder:1995:ALS, title = "An Approach to Large Scale Distributed Information Systems Using Statistical Properties of Text to Guide Agent Search", author = "Grace Crowder and Charles Nicholas", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Misc{Crowston:1994:CRS, author = "Kevin Crowston", title = "Coordinating Restaurant Service: An Analysis of {TGI Friday's} Process", howpublished = "Presentation given at the TIMS/ORSA Workshop on Mathematical and Computational Organization Theory", year = "1994", month = apr, note = "Crowston is a professor at the University of Michigan School of Business", } @Manual{Culbert:1989:AIS, author = "C. Culbert", title = "Artificial Intelligence Section, Johnson Space Center", booktitle = "CLIPS Reference Manual", year = "1989", address = "Houston", } @Article{Cullingford:1981:IKS, author = "Richard E. Cullingford", title = "Integrating Knowledge Sources For Computer ``Understanding'' Tasks", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "52--60", month = Jan, year = "1981", } @InProceedings{Daigle:1995:AII, title = "Agents for Internet Information Clients", author = "Leslie L. Daigle and Peter Deutsch", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @TechReport{Dang:1988:CDC, author = "B. M. Dang", title = "Cleopatra: {A} Distributed Communication Platform", type = "Computer Science Technical Report", institution = "Concordia University", year = "1988", address = "Montreal,Quebec", } @Book{Daniel:1978:ANS, author = "W. W. Daniel", title = "Applied Nonparametric Statistics", publisher = "Houghton-Mifflin", year = "1978", address = "Boston", } @InProceedings{Daouas:1995:DFS, title = "Distributed Flow Shop Scheduling Problem: Global versus Local Optimization", author = "Thouraya Daouas and Khaled Ghedira and Jean Pierre Muller", pages = "443", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Scheduling is an essential component of the manufacturing process. Because of its combinatorial character, its dynamic nature and its practical interest for industrial applications, the scheduling problem has been widely studied in the literature using exact or heuristic methods. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Agent approach to deal with the flow shop scheduling problem. Two alternatives to optimize the scheduling are proposed and compared in terms of quality and run-time; the first one using a global simulated annealing and the second one a local simulated annealing at the level of each agent.", } @InProceedings{Davidsson:1995:LQA, title = "A Linearly Quasi-Anticipatory Autonomous Agent Architecture: {S}ome Preliminary Experiments", author = "Paul Davidsson", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Davies:1995:DLA, title = "Distributed learning: An agent-based approach to data-mining", author = "Winton Davies and Peter Edwards", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @Book{Davis:1977:OBB, title = "Organizational Behavior: {A} Book of Readings", author = "Keith Davis", publisher = "McGraw Hill", year = "1977", } @Article{Davis:1977:PRR, author = "Randall Davis and Bruce Buchanan and Edward Shortliffe", title = "Production Rules as a Representation for a Knowledge-Based Consultation Program", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "15--45", year = "1977", } @Article{Davis:1980:MPS, author = "Randall Davis", title = "Models of Problem Solving: {W}hy Cooperate?", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1980", number = "73", pages = "50--51", month = oct, } @Article{Davis:1980:MRR, author = "Randall Davis", title = "Meta-rules: {R}easoning about control", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "15", pages = "179--222", year = "1980", } @Article{Davis:1980:RWD, author = "Randall Davis", title = "Report on the Workshop on {D}istributed {AI}", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1980", number = "73", pages = "42--43", month = oct, } @TechReport{Davis:1981:MPM, author = "Randall Davis", title = "A Model For Planning in a Multiagent Environment: Steps Toward Principles For Teamwork", type = "AI Working Paper", number = "217", institution = "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", month = Jun, year = "1981", } @TechReport{Davis:1981:NMD, author = "Randall Davis and Reid G. Smith", title = "Negotiation as a Metaphor for Distributed Problem Solving", type = "AI Memo", number = "624", institution = "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", month = May, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 333--356, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Davis:1982:RSW, author = "Randall Davis", title = "Report on the Second Workshop on {D}istributed {AI}", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1982", number = "80", pages = "13--23", month = apr, } @Article{Davis:1983:NMD, author = "Randall Davis and Reid Smith", title = "Negotiation as a Metaphor for Distributed Problem Solving", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1983", volume = "20", number = "1", pages = "63--109", month = jan, abstract = "Randall Davis : Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT Reid G. Smith : Schlumberger-Doll Research Ridgefield Ct. A framework, called the contract net that specifies communication and control in a distributed problem solver is presented. The announcement/bid/award sequence is explained. This paper gives a large example but is a little less detailed than the paper The Contract Net Protocol : High ... paper.", } @Article{Davis:1983:RSB, author = "Randall Davis and Howard Shrobe", title = "Representing Structure and Behavior of Digital Hardware", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "75--81", month = oct, year = "1983", abstract = "The Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT", } @Book{Dawkins:1976:SG, author = "Richard Dawkins", title = "The Selfish Gene", publisher = "Oxford University Press", year = "1976", } @InProceedings{Day:1995:CSM, title = "The Consensus Scheduling Model: Negotiation among Peers", author = "William B. Day", pages = "444", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The Consensus Scheduling Model (CSM) is introduced as a way to accommodate negotiation in over-constrained, distributed scheduling problems. The CSM is appropriate for negotiation among a group of peers and is also applicable to a manager that must balance conflicting views of its workers. The distributed scheduling algorithm that is used selects a candidate >from the priority list of resource requests and inserts that candidate into the evolving timetable. Two protocols are required. The minimax protocol assures equitable power among the peers. The bumping protocol allows reactive scheduling by using a request's total worth to dictate when a new request can seize a previously assigned resource. A request's total worth is the sum of its priority value, its ordering value, and any bonus points received by previous negotiations. Three styles of negotiation are examined: unilateral, verbose, and periodic. Results from sample scenarios are also presented.", } @InProceedings{De-Mori:1982:ESI, author = "Renato De-Mori and Attilio Giordana and Pietro Laface and Lorenza Saitta", title = "An Expert Systems for Interpreting Speech Patterns", booktitle = "AAAI", pages = "107--110", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Dean:1986:ITD, author = "Thomas L. Dean", title = "Intractability and Time Dependent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop on Reasoning About Actions and Plans", month = jul, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Dean:1987:LST, author = "Thomas Dean", title = "Large-Scale Temporal Data Bases for Planning in Complex Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Milan, Italy", pages = "860--866", month = Aug, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Dean:1987:PEC, author = "Thomas Dean", title = "Planning, Execution, and Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {DARPA} Knowledge-based Planning Workshop", year = "1987", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Dean:1988:ATD, author = "Thomas Dean and Mark Boddy", title = "An Analysis of Time-Dependent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1988", pages = "49--54", month = aug, address = "St. Paul, MN", } @Article{Dean:1988:RAP, author = "T. Dean and M. Boddy", title = "Reasoning about Partially Ordered Events", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "375--400", year = "1988", month = oct, volume = "36", number = "3", abstract = "Given a set of events and a partial ordering of their achievance, can we infer what is true over a sequence of time? It is shown that this is an NP-hard problem and an incomplete decision procedure which operates in polynomial time is proposed.", } @Book{Dean:1991:PC, author = "T. L. Dean and M. P. Wellman", title = "Planning and Control", publisher = "Morgan Kaufman Publishers", year = "1991", address = "San Mateo, California", } @TechReport{Decker:1987:DDEa, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "{DESCANT}: {A} Distributed Expert System Control Architecture for Non-decomposable Tasks", institution = "GE Corporate Research and Development", year = "1987", number = "87-CRD-030", month = apr, } @MastersThesis{Decker:1987:DDEb, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "{DESCANT}: {A} Distributed Expert System Control Architecture for Non-independant Tasks", school = "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute", year = "1987", month = may, note = "Also GE Corporate R\&D Tech Report 87-CRD-030", } @Article{Decker:1987:DPS, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "Distributed Problem Solving: {A} Survey", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1987", volume = "17", number = "5", pages = "729--740", month = sep, } @Manual{Decker:1987:DUG, title = "{DESCANT} User's Guide", author = "Keith S. Decker", organization = "Artificial Intelligence Branch", address = "GE Corporate Research and Development", edition = "Version 1.0", month = feb, year = "1987", note = "GE Class 2 Proprietary", } @InProceedings{Decker:1989:ECD, author = "Keith S. Decker and Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Experimenting with Control in the {DVMT}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Annual AAAI Workshop on Blackboard Systems", year = "1989", address = "Detroit", month = aug, note = "Also COINS TR-89-85", } @InCollection{Decker:1989:ERC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Evaluating Research in Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Vol. II", publisher = "Pitman Publishing Ltd.", year = "1989", pages = "485--519", editor = "L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns", note = "Also COINS Technical Report 88-89, University of Massachusetts, 1988", } @Unpublished{Decker:1989:NDS, author = "Keith S. Decker and Marty A. Humphrey", title = "The New {DMVT} Simulator", note = "Working Paper, Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Laboratory", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Decker:1989:SIT, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Some Initial Thoughts on a Generic Architecture for {CDPS} Network Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1989", month = sep, note = "Also in COINS TR-90-81", } @Article{Decker:1990:EBA, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser and Robert C. Whitehair", title = "Extending a Blackboard Architecture for Approximate Processing", journal = "The Journal of Real-Time Systems", volume = "2", number = "1/2", pages = "47--79", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Decker:1990:EPB, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Effects of Parallelism on Blackboard System Scheduling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual {AAAI} Workshop on Blackboard Systems", year = "1990", address = "Boston", month = aug, note = "Also COINS TR-90-54", } @InProceedings{Decker:1990:EPG, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Extending the Partial Global Planning Framework for Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Network Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control", year = "1990", address = "San Diego", month = nov, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "396--408", note = "Also COINS TR-90-81", } @InProceedings{Decker:1990:SCD, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Scenario for Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Texas", month = oct, } @Article{Decker:1991:BS, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "Blackboard Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", year = "1991", volume = "6", number = "5", month = oct, pages = "71--72", } @InProceedings{Decker:1991:EPB, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Effects of Parallelism on Blackboard System Scheduling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", pages = "15--21", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, note = "Extended version to appear in the International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 7(2) 1993", } @InCollection{Decker:1992:AME, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Victor R. Lesser and Marty A. Humphrey", title = "An Approach to Modeling Environment and Task Characteristics For Coordination", booktitle = "Enterprise Integration Modeling: Proceedings of the First International Conference", editor = "Charles J. {Petrie, Jr.}", pages = "379--388", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Decker:1992:AQC, author = "Keith Decker and Victor Lesser", title = "The Analysis of Quantitative Coordination Relationships", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "59--75", month = feb, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Decker:1992:BSR, author = "Keith Decker and Alan Garvey and Marty Humphrey and Victor Lesser", title = "A Blackboard System for Real-Time Control of Approximate Processing", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 25th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences", year = "1992", month = jan, note = "Extended version to appear in the International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 7(2) 1993", } @Article{Decker:1992:GPG, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Generalizing the Partial Global Planning Algorithm", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", month = jun, year = "1992", pages = "319--346", volume = "1", number = "2", } @Unpublished{Decker:1992:MET, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Victor R. Lesser and Marty A. Humphrey", title = "Modeling Environment and Task Characteristics For Coordination and Scheduling", year = "1992", note = "Working Paper, Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Laboratory", } @InProceedings{Decker:1993:AAN, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "An Approach to Analyzing the Need for Meta-Level Communication", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Chamb\'{e}ry, France", month = aug, pages = "360--366", } @Article{Decker:1993:AQC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Analyzing a Quantitative Coordination Relationship", journal = "Group Decision and Negotiation", year = "1993", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "195--217", } @Article{Decker:1993:CHS, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Control Heuristics for Scheduling in a Parallel Blackboard System", journal = "International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "243--264", } @InProceedings{Decker:1993:OSD, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A One-shot Dynamic Coordination Algorithm for Distributed Sensor Networks", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Washington", pages = "210--216", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Decker:1993:QMCa, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Quantitative Modeling of Complex Computational Task Environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Washington", pages = "217--224", month = jul, } @Article{Decker:1993:QMCb, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Quantitative Modeling of Complex Environments", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Management", volume = "2", number = "4", note = "Special issue on ``Mathematical and Computational Models of Organizations: Models and Characteristics of Agent Behavior''", month = dec, pages = "215--234", year = "1993", } @Article{Decker:1993:RTC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Alan J. Garvey and Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Real-Time Control Architecture for an Approximate Processing Blackboard System", journal = "International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "265--284", } @InProceedings{Decker:1994:DFC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Designing a Family of Coordination Algorithms", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", organization = "AAAI Press Technical Report WS-94-02", year = "1994", pages = "65--84", address = "Seattle, WA", month = Jul, note = "Also UMass CS-TR-94-14. To appear, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems, San Francisco, AAAI Press, 1995", } @Unpublished{Decker:1994:EFC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Experimenting With a Family of Coordination Algorithms", note = "Submitted to IJCAI-95", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Decker:1994:TEC, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Task Environment Centered Design of Organizations", booktitle = "Computational Organization Design", year = "1994", organization = "AAAI Spring Symposium", editor = "Ingemar Hulthage", note = "Working Notes", } @InCollection{Decker:1995:AMF, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "{T}{\AE} {MS}: {A} framework for analysis and design of coordination mechanisms", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "16", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @TechReport{Decker:1995:CAM, author = "Keith S. Decker and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Coordination Assistance for Mixed Human and Computational Agent Systems", institution = "{UMass}", year = "1995", type = "{CS} Technical Report", number = "95--31", } @InCollection{Decker:1995:DAI, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence Testbeds", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "3", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @InProceedings{Decker:1995:DFC, title = "Designing a Family of Coordination Algorithms", author = "Keith Decker and Victor Lesser", pages = "73--80", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Many researchers have shown that there is no single best organization or coordination mechanism for all environments. This paper discusses the design and implementation of an extendable family of coordination mechanisms, called Generalized Partial Global Planning (GPGP). The set of coordination mechanisms described here assists in scheduling activities for teams of cooperative computational agents. The GPGP approach has several unique features. First, it is not tied to a single domain. Each mechanism is defined as a response to certain features in the current task environment. We show that different combinations of mechanisms are appropriate for different task environments. Secondly, the approach works in conjunction with an agent's existing local planner/scheduler. Finally, the initial set of five mechanisms presented here generalizes and extends the Partial Global Planning (PGP) algorithm. In comparison to PGP, GPGP allows more agent heterogeneity, it exchanges less global information, and it communicates at multiple levels of abstraction.", note = "Longer version available as UMass CS-TR 94--14.", } @PhdThesis{Decker:1995:ECA, author = "Keith S. Decker", title = "Environment Centered Analysis and Design of Coordination Mechanisms", school = "University of Massachusetts", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Decker:1995:MAM, title = "{MACRON}: {A}n Architecture for Multi-agent Cooperative Information Gathering", author = "Keith Decker and Victor Lesser and M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Thomas Wagner", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Book{DeGroot:1975:PS, author = "Morris H. DeGroot", title = "Probability and Statistics", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1975", address = "Reading, MA", } @TechReport{DeKoven:1989:CGP, author = "C. DeKoven and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Cooperative Game Playing in a Computer-Supported Environment", type = "Computer Science Technical Report", institution = "Concordia University", year = "1989", address = "Montreal,Quebec", } @Book{Denardo:1982:DPM, author = "Eric Denardo", title = "Dynamic Programming : Models and Applications", publisher = "Prentice-Hall", year = "1982", address = "Englewood Cliffs, N.J.", call_number = "T57.83 D45", } @Article{Deng:1990:SRL, author = "Pi-Sheng Deng and Clyde W. Holsapple and Andrew B. Whinston", title = "A Skill Refinement Learning Model for Rule-Based Expert Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "15--28", year = "1990", month = apr, volume = "5", number = "2", abstract = "Pi-Sheng Deng : Sangamon State Univ. Clyde W. Holsapple : University of Kentucky Andrew B. Whinston : University of Texas at Austin System with feedback is developed which adjusts the weight of rules to reflect how useful they have been in solving past problems.", } @InCollection{Dennett:1986:IS, author = "D. Dennett", title = "Intentional Systems", booktitle = "Brainstorms", editor = "D. Dennett", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1986", } @Article{Denning:1986:TSE, author = "Peter J. Denning", title = "Towards a Science of Expert Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", year = "1986", abstract = "NASA Ames Research Center", } @InProceedings{Dent:1992:PLA, author = "Lisa Dent and Jesus Boticario and John McDermott and Tom Mitchell and David Zabowski", title = "A Personal Learning Apprentice", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = Jul, pages = "96--103", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Denzinger:1995:KBD, title = "Knowledge-Based Distributed Search Using Teamwork", author = "J{\"{o}}rg Denzinger", pages = "81--88", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We present a knowledge-based distribution concept for search problems that offer no natural way to determine several agents to cooperate in finding a solution. Systems based on our teamwork method use four types of agents: Experts and specialists use heuristics to generate results that are possible parts of solutions, referees judge the experts and their results determining the most promising ones and a supervisor collects these promising results to generate new problem descriptions that converge to a solution of the initial problem. The main difficulty of distributed systems, the communication overhead, is dealt with by restricting the work of referees and the supervisor to short moments, called team meetings, that interrupt the work of experts and specialists. The competition and cooperation of experts and specialists in this framework allow for synergetic effects that generate better and faster solutions to the search problems. We demonstrate these effects for instantiations of two very different kinds of search problems, automated theorem proving and optimization problems.", keywords = "Distributed search", } @Book{Derlega:1982:CHB, editor = "V. J. Derlega and J. Grzelak", title = "Cooperation and Helping Behavior: Theories and Research", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1982", address = "New York", } @Article{DeSanctis:1987:FSG, author = "G. DeSanctis and R. B. Gallupe", title = "A Foundation for the Study of Group Decision Support Systems", journal = "Management Science", year = "1987", volume = "33", pages = "589--609", } @InProceedings{Dignum:1996:MRA, title = "Modelling rational agents in a dynamic environment", author = "B. van Linder F. Dignum", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{dInverno:1996:FCN, title = "Formalising the Contract Net as a Goal-Directed System", author = "Mark d'Inverno and Michael Luck", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Dongha:1996:RCR, title = "Rational Commitment in Resource Bounded Agents", author = "Paul Dongha and Cristiano Castelfranchi", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InCollection{Doran:1991:MMA, author = "J. Doran and H. Carvajal and Y. J. Choo and Y. Li", title = "The {MCS} Multi-Agent Testbed: Developments and Experiments", booktitle = "Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems 1990", editor = "S. M. Deen", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", pages = "240--251", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Doran:1993:UDS, author = "J. Doran", title = "Using {DAI} Software Testbeds", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CKBS SIG Workshop 1993", year = "1993", address = "University of Keele, Keele, UK", } @InCollection{Doran:1994:EPM, author = "J. Doran and M. Palmer and N. Gilbert and P. Mellars", title = "The {EOS} Project: Modelling Upper Palaeolithic Social Change", booktitle = "Simulating Societies", editor = "N. Gilbert and J. Doran", publisher = "{UCL} Press", year = "1994", note = "Forthcoming.", } @Article{Doyle:1979:TMS, author = "Jon Doyle", title = "A Truth Maintenance System", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "12", pages = "231--272", year = "1979", } @TechReport{Doyle:1983:SM, author = "Jon Doyle", title = "A Society of Mind", institution = "CMU Computer Science Department", year = "1983", type = "Technical Report", number = "CMU-CS-83-127", address = "Pitsburgh, PA", } @InProceedings{Doyle:1986:GPR, author = "R. J. Doyle and D. J. Atkinson and R. J. Doshi", title = "Generating Perception Requests and Expectations to Verify the Execution of Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "81--88", month = Aug, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Doyle:1990:RDR, author = "Jon Doyle and Michael P. Wellman", title = "Rational Distributed Reason Maintenance for Planning and Replanning of Large-Scale Activities (Preliminary Report)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control", year = "1990", address = "San Diego", month = nov, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "28--36", } @Book{Dresher:1981:MGS, title = "The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications", author = "Melvin Dresher", year = "1981", publisher = "Dover", } @Article{Dreyfus:1986:WES, author = "Hubert Dreyfus and Stuart Dreyfus", title = "Why Expert Systems Do Not Exhibit Expertise", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "86--90", year = "1986", abstract = "Univ. of California, Berkeley", } @InProceedings{Drummond:1987:CPS, author = "Mark Drummond and Ken Currie and Austin Tate", title = "Contingent Plan Structures for Spacecraft", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Space Telerobotics Workshop", month = jan, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Drummond:1989:GOP, author = "Mark Drummond and Ken Currie", title = "Goal Ordering in Partially Ordered Plans", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "960--965", year = "1989", abstract = "Mark Drummond: Sterling Federal Systems, NASA Ames Research Center Ken Currie: AI Application Institute, Univ. of Edinburgh The goal ordering problem is addressed. Temporal Coherence (TC) is a heuristic which provides goal ordering guidance.", } @InCollection{Dubois:1984:CAR, author = "D. Dubois and H. Prade", title = "Criteria Aggregation and Ranking of Alternatives in the Framework of Fuzzy Set Theory", booktitle = "TIMS/Studies in Management Science", editor = "H. J. Zimmermen and L. A. Zadeh and B. R. Gains", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers", volume = "20", pages = "209--240", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Dubois:1996:AOF, title = "An agent-oriented framework for security requirements", author = "Eric Dubois and Suchun Wu", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Dunin-Keplicz:1995:ATE, title = "Actions with Typical Effects: Epistemic Characterization of Scenarios", author = "Barbara Dunin-Keplicz and Anna Radzikowska", pages = "445", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper we study a problem of actions with typical, but not certain effects. We show how this kind of actions can be incorporated in a dynamic/ epistemic multi-agent system in which the knowledge, abilities and opportunities of agents are formalized as well as the results of actions they perform. To cope with a complexity of a rational agent behaviour, we consider scenarios composed of traditionally viewed basic actions and atomic actions with typical effects. We concentrate on a specific type of scenarios reflecting a {"}typical{"} pattern of an agent's behaviour. Adopting a model-theoretic approach we formalize a nonmonotonic preferential strategy for these scenarios in order to reason about the final results of their realization.", keywords = "Reasoning in Multi-Agent Systems, Reasoning about Actions.", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1984:DDP, author = "E. H. Durfee and D. D. Corkill and V. R. Lesser", title = "Distributing a Distributed Problem Solving Network Simulator", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society's Fifth Real-Time Systems Symposium", month = dec, year = "1984", address = "Austin, Texas", pages = "237--246", } @MastersThesis{Durfee:1984:PSD, author = "Edmund Howell Durfee", title = "A Parallel Simulation of a Distributed Problem Solving Network", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Sep, year = "1984", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 84-19, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, September 1984.)", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1985:ICD, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Increasing Coherence in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "1025--1030", month = Aug, year = "1985", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 85-14, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, April 1985.)", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1985:MCC, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Making Coherent Communication Decisions in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on AI and Distributed Problem Solving", organization = "National Academy of Sciences", pages = "59--75", month = May, year = "1985", } @TechReport{Durfee:1986:ACP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "An Approach to Cooperation: {P}lanning and Communication in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", number = "86-09", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Mar, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1986:IPC, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Incremental Planning to Control a Blackboard-based Problem Solver", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "58--64", month = Aug, year = "1986", abstract = "Dept of Computer and Information Science, Univ. of Massachusetts A planner that abstracts the problems solving state to recognize possible competing and compatible solutions is described. With this information, the planner plans sequences of problem solving activities most efficiently resolve its uncertainty about which of the possible solutions to work toward. The planner only details actions for the near future, and as more information is gained, more detailed actions can be created.", } @Article{Durfee:1987:CCA, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Coherent Cooperation Among Communicating Problem Solvers", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-36", number = "11", pages = "1275--1291", month = Nov, year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 268--284, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 85-15, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, April 1985)", } @InCollection{Durfee:1987:CTC, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Cooperation Through Communication in a Distributed Problem Solving Network", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "2", pages = "29--58", year = "1987", note = "(Also in S. Robertson, W. Zachary, and J. Black (eds.), {\it Cognition, Computing, and Cooperation}, Ablex 1990.)", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1987:PCA, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Planning Coordinated Actions in Dynamic Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Knowledge-Based Planning Workshop", year = "1987", pages = "18.1--18.10", month = dec, note = "Also COINS-TR-87-130", } @InCollection{Durfee:1987:PMD, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Planning to Meet Deadlines in a Blackboard-based Problem Solver", booktitle = "Tutorial on Hard Real-Time Systems", editor = "J. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham", publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", pages = "595--608", year = "1987", } @PhdThesis{Durfee:1987:UAD, author = "Edmund Howell Durfee", title = "A Unified Approach to Dynamic Coordination: {P}lanning actions and interactions in a distributed problem solving network", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Sep, year = "1987", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 87-84, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, September 1987.)", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1987:UPG, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Using Partial Global Plans to Coordinate Distributed Problem Solvers", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Milan, Italy", pages = "875--883", month = Aug, year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 285--293, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", abstract = "Dept of Computer and Information Science, Univ. of Massachusetts Problem solvers summarize their local plans into node-plans (which are a subset of their local plans) which they selectively exchange to dynamically model network activity and to develop partail global plans.", } @Book{Durfee:1988:CDP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Coordination of Distributed Problem Solvers", publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers", year = "1988", } @Article{Durfee:1988:IPC, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Incremental Planning to Control a Time-Constrained, Blackboard-Based Problem Solver", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems", year = "1988", volume = "24", number = "5", pages = "647--662", month = sep, } @InProceedings{Durfee:1988:NTP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Negotiation Through Partial Global Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1988 Distributed AI Workshop", month = May, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1988:PVRa, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Predictability Versus Responsiveness: {C}oordinating Problem Solvers in Dynamic Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "66--71", month = Aug, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1988:PVRb, author = "E. Durfee and V. Lesser", title = "Predictability vs. Responsiveness: Coordinating Problem Solvers in Dynamic Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1988", pages = "66--71", address = "St. Paul, MN", month = aug, } @InCollection{Durfee:1989:CDP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence", volume = "IV", editor = "Avron Barr and Paul R. Cohen and Edward A. Feigenbaum", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", chapter = "XVII", pages = "83--137", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1989:MFT, author = "E. Durfee and T. Montgomery", title = "{MICE}: {A} Flexible Testbed for Intelligent Coordination Experiments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1989", address = "Rosario, Washington", month = sep, pages = "25--40", } @InCollection{Durfee:1989:NTD, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Negotiating Task Decomposition and Allocation Using Partial Global Planning", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", pages = "229--243", year = "1989", } @Article{Durfee:1989:TCD, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Trends in Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "63--83", month = Mar, year = "1989", abstract = "An extensive survey of the distributed problem solving field with a large bibliography.", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1990:CAP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "A Cooperative Approach to Planning for Real-Time Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "277--283", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1990:HPC, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery", title = "A Hierarchical Protocol for Coordinating Multiagent Behaviors", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "86--93", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1990:TIR, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Towards Intelligent Real-Time Cooperative Systems", booktitle = "Notes of the 1990 {AAAI} Spring Symposium on Planning in Uncertain, Unpredictable, or Changing Environments", pages = "29--33", month = Mar, year = "1990", note = "(Available in University of Maryland Systems Research Center technical report {\it Planning in Uncertain, Unpredictable, or Changing Environments} (SRC-TR-90-45), James Hendler (ed.)).", } @Article{Durfee:1991:CDS, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery", title = "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Behavior Space", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", pages = "1363--1378", month = nov # "/" # dec, year = "1991", } @Article{Durfee:1991:DAI, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "The Distributed Artificial Intelligence Melting Pot", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InCollection{Durfee:1991:DPS, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "The Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition", editor = "S. Shapiro", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1991", } @Article{Durfee:1991:OPS, author = "Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Organizations, Plans, and Schedules: {A}n Interdisciplinary Perspective on Coordinating {AI} Agents", journal = "Journal of Intelligent Systems", year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on the Social Context of Intelligent Systems)", } @Article{Durfee:1991:PGP, author = "Edmund H. Durfee and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Partial Global Planning: {A} Coordination Framework for Distributed Hypothesis Formation", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "5", month = sep, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed Sensor Networks)", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1993:ORR, author = "E. H. Durfee and J. Lee and P. J. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "Overeager Reciprocal Rationality and Mixed Strategy Equilibria", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Washington D.C.", pages = "225--230", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1995:BIK, title = "Blissful Ignorance: Knowing Just Enough to Coordinate Well", author = "Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "406--413", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @Book{Dybvig:1987:SPL, author = "R. Kent Dybvig", title = "The {S}cheme Programming Language", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1987", } @Misc{editor:1984:UL, author = "David Maines (editor)", title = "Urban Life", note = "Special issue on negotiated order theory", year = "1984", } @TechReport{Egilmez:1990:CMA, author = "Kaan Egilmez and Steven H. Kim", title = "Coordination of Multiple Agents Through Modal State Logic and Influence Specifications", institution = "MIT", address = "Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity", year = "1990", } @Book{Eigen:1981:LG, author = "Manfred Eigen and Ruthild Winkler", title = "Laws of the Game", publisher = "Harper and Row", year = "1981", } @InProceedings{Ekenberg:1995:TCA, title = "A Tool For Coordinating Autonomous Agents With Conflicting Goals", author = "Love Ekenberg and Magnus Boman and Mats Danielson", pages = "89--93", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We present an implementation of a suggested solution to one of the most fundamental problems of multi-agent systems; that of conflicting information distributed over cooperating agents. To this end, we use a theory for the treatment of problems arising as a decision making agent faces a situation involving a choice between a finite set of strategies, having access to a finite set of autonomous agents reporting their opinions. The decision making agent is allowed to assign different credibility to statements of the autonomous agents. The theory admits the representation of vague and numerically imprecise information, and the evaluation results in a set of admissible strategies, by using criteria conforming to classical statistical theory. The admissible strategies can be further investigated with respect to their strengths and also with respect to the range of values consistent with the given domain that makes them admissible.", keywords = "Cooperation, Coordination, and Conflict", } @TechReport{Engelmore:1977:KBS, author = "Robert S. Engelmore and H. Nii", title = "A Knowledge-based System for the Interpretation of Protein {X}-ray Crystallographic Data", number = "CS-77-589", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = Feb, year = "1977", } @Book{Engelmore:1988:BS, author = "Robert Engelmore and Tony Morgan", title = "Blackboard Systems", publisher = "Addison Wesley", address = "Reading Mass.", year = "1988", abstract = "Robert Engelmore : Stanford, Tony Morgan : System Designers PLC. A generic problem solver is described which attempts to solve a problem using various predefined strategies.", } @InProceedings{Ensor:1985:TB, author = "J. Robert Ensor and John D. Gabbe", title = "Transactional Blackboards", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "340--344", month = Aug, year = "1985", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 557--562, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Ephrati:1991:CTC, title = "The Clarke Tax as a Consensus Mechanism Amoung Automated Agents", author = "Eithan Ephrati and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "173--178", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Ephrati:1992:CIA, author = "Eithan Ephrati and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Constrained Intelligent Action: Planning Under the Influence of a Master Agent", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "San Jose, CA", pages = "263--268", month = jul, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Ephrati:1994:DCM, title = "Divide and Conquer in Multi--Agent Planning", author = "Eithan Ephrati and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "375--380", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Ephrati:1995:DMA, author = "Eithan Ephrati and Martha E. Pollack and Sigalit Ur", title = "Deriving Multi-Agent Coordination through Filtering Strategies", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "679--685", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Ephrati:1995:THM, title = "A Tractable Heuristic That Maximizes Global Utility Through Local Plan Combination", author = "Eithan Ephrati and Martha Pollack and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "94--101", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We consider techniques suitable for combining individual agent plans into a global system plan, maintaining a commitment to considerations of global utility that may differ radically from individual agent utilities. We present a three-stage heuristic reduction process, consisting of a transformation from local to global utility measures, a global assessment of the local evaluations of agents, and approximation algorithms to maximize resource usage over time. We also consider how these techniques can be used with self-motivated agents, and show how the overall process can be distributed among a group of agents.", keywords = "Distributed Problem Solving, Planning, Search", } @InProceedings{Ericson:1982:DLD, author = "Lars Warren Ericson", title = "{DPL-82}: {A} Language for Distributed Processing", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems", address = "Miami/Ft. Lauderdale, Florida", pages = "526--531", month = Oct, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Erman:1975:MLO, author = "Lee D. Erman and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Multi-level Organization for Problem Solving using Many Diverse Cooperating Sources of Knowledge", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "483--490", month = Aug, year = "1975", } @Article{Erman:1980:HIS, author = "Lee D. Erman and Frederick Hayes-Roth and Victor R. Lesser and D. Raj Reddy", title = "The {H}earsay-{II} Speech-Understanding System: {I}ntegrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty", journal = "Computing Surveys", volume = "12", number = "2", pages = "213--253", month = Jun, year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Erman:1981:DEU, author = "Lee D. Erman and Philip E. London and Stephen F. Fickas", title = "The Design and an Example Use of {H}earsay-{III}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tokyo, Japan", pages = "409--415", month = Aug, year = "1981", } @Book{Ernst:1969:GCS, author = "George W. Ernst and Allen Newell", title = "{GPS}: {A} Case Study in Generality and Problem Solving", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "New York", year = "1969", abstract = "Newell : Carnegie Mellon", } @InProceedings{Evans:1989:CDA, author = "M. Evans and J. Anderson", title = "A Constraint-Directed Architecture for Multi-Agent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, Washington", year = "1989", } @Book{Even:1979:GA, author = "Shimon Even", title = "Graph Algorithms", publisher = "Computer Science Press", address = "Potomac, Maryland", year = "1979", } @InProceedings{Fahlman:1983:MPA, author = "Scott E. Fahlman and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "Massively Parallel Architectures for {AI}: {NETL}, {THISTLE} and {B}oltzmann {M}achines", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany", pages = "109--113", month = Aug, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Fallah-Seghrouchni:1996:CAM, title = "A Coordination Algorithm for Multi-Agent Planning", author = "Amal El Fallah-Seghrouchni and Serge Haddad", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Farhoodi:1991:DOD, author = "F. Farhoodi and J. Proffitt and P. Woodman and A. Tunnicliffe", title = "Design of Organizations in Distributed Decision Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Cooperation Among Heterogeneous Intelligent Systems", address = "Anaheim, California", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @Article{Fehling:1983:RTA, author = "Michael Fehling and Lee Erman", title = "Report on the Third Annual Workshop on {D}istributed {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", number = "84", pages = "3--12", month = Apr, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Feigenbaum:1977:AAI, author = "Edward A. Feigenbaum", title = "The Art of {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence {I}: {T}hemes and cases studies of knowledge engineering", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "1014--1029", month = Aug, year = "1977", } @Article{Feldman:1977:DTA, author = "Jerome A. Feldman and Robert F. Sproull", title = "Decision Theory and {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence {II}: {T}he hungry monkey", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "1", number = "2", pages = "158--192", month = Apr, year = "1977", } @Article{Feldman:1979:HLP, author = "Jerome A. Feldman", title = "High Level Programming for Distributed Computing", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "22", number = "6", pages = "353--368", month = Jun, year = "1979", } @Article{Feldman:1982:CMT, author = "J. A. Feldman and D. H. Ballard", title = "Connectionist Models and Their Properties", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "205--254", month = jul # "--" # sep, year = "1982", } @Article{Feldman:1987:EMW, author = "M. Feldman", title = "Electronic Mail and Weak Ties in Organizations", journal = "Office Technology and People", volume = "3", pages = "83--101", year = "1987", } @PhdThesis{Fennell:1975:MSA, author = "Richard Dean Fennell", title = "Multiprocess Software Architecture for {AI} Problem Solving", school = "Carnegie-Mellon University", month = May, year = "1975", } @Article{Fennell:1977:PAI, author = "Richard D. Fennell and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Parallelism in {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence Problem Solving: {A} Case Study of {H}earsay {II}", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-26", number = "2", pages = "98--111", month = Feb, year = "1977", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 106-119, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Fennell:1977:PAP, author = "R. D Fennell and V. R. Lesser", title = "Parallelism in {AI} Problem Solving: {A} Case Study of {Hearsay-II}", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", year = "1977", volume = "C-26", number = "2", pages = "98--111", month = feb, } @InProceedings{Fenster:1995:CCE, title = "Coordination without Communication: Experimental Validation of Focal Point Techniques", author = "Maier Fenster and Sarit Kraus and Jeffrey S. Rosenchein", pages = "102--108", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Coordination is a central theme of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Much work in this field can be seen as a search for mechanisms that allow agents with differing knowledge and goals to coordinate their actions for mutual benefit. Additionally, one cornerstone assumption of the field is that communication is expensive relative to local computation. Thus, coordination techniques that minimize communication are of particular importance. This paper considers how automated agents could use a coordination technique common to communication-free human interactions, namely {\em focal points}. Given a problem and a set of possible solutions from which the agents need to choose one, focal points are prominent solutions of the problem to which agents are drawn. Theoretical work on this subject includes~\cite{schelling63,kraus91a}. The purpose of the current research is to consider the practical use of focal point techniques in various domains. We present simulations over randomly generated domains; these simulations strongly suggest that focal points can act as an effective heuristic for coordination in real-world environments.", keywords = "Coordination, Distributed AI", } @InProceedings{Ferber:1990:AAR, author = "Jaques Ferber and Patrice Carle", title = "Actors and Agents as Reflective Concurrent Objects: {A} {MERING IV} Perspective", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Bandera, Texas", month = oct, } @Article{Ferber:1991:AAR, author = "Jacques Ferber and Patrice Carle", title = "Actors and Agents as Reflective Concurrent Objects: {A} {MERING IV} Perspective", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Ferber:1996:CSC, title = "Cooperation Strategies in Collective Intelligence", author = "Jacques Ferber", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", notes = "(invited talk)", abstract = "Cooperation in multi-agent systems can be seen as a system in which cooperative methods lead to an increase of the group performance and thus augment the probability for an individual to survive. These methods give rise to conflicts due to limited resource access and lack of coordination. Specific methods such as task allocation, communication, action coordination and conflict resolution can be used to solve these problems and contribute to an expansion of the capabilities of the group. Organizations, i.e. set of structured societies of individuals, emerge from them. This talk describes many aspects of cooperation in multi-agent systems, and their connection to the process of the emergence of emerging social structures, the so-called ``emergence of collective intelligence'', with several examples taken from reactive multi-agent systems.", } @InProceedings{Ferguson:1996:MLA, author = "Innes A. Ferguson and Grigoris J. Karakoulas", title = "Multiagent Learning and Adaptation in an Information Filtering Market.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Article{Fikes:1971:SNA, author = "R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson", title = "{STRIPS}: {A} New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", pages = "189--208", year = "1971", } @Article{Fikes:1972:LEG, author = "Richard E. Fikes and Peter E. Hart and Nils J. Nilsson", title = "Learning and Executing Generalized Robot Plans", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "3", year = "1972", } @Article{Fikes:1982:CBF, author = "R. E. Fikes", title = "A Commitment-Based Framework for Describing Informal Cooperative Work", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "6", pages = "331--347", year = "1982", } @Book{Filman:1984:CCT, author = "Robert E. Filman and Daniel P. Friedman", title = "Coordinated Computing: {T}ools and Techniques for Distributed Software", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1984", address = "New York", } @Article{Findler:1986:EDP, author = "Nicholas V. Findler and Ron Lo", title = "An examination of distributed planning in the world of air traffic control", journal = "Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing", volume = "3", pages = "411--431", year = "1986", } @Article{Findler:1991:OSR, author = "Nicholas Findler and U. Sengupta", title = "An Overview of Some Recent and Current Research in the {AI} Lab at Arizona State University", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "12", number = "3", year = "1991", } @TechReport{Finin:1994:KLP, author = "Tim Finin and Rich Fritzson and Don McKay and Robin McEntire", title = "{KQML} - {A} Language and Protocol for Knowledge and Information Exchange", institution = "Computer Science Department, University of Maryland and Valley Forge Engineering Center, Unisys Corporation", year = "1994", number = "CS-94-02", address = "Computer Science Department, University of Maryland, UMBC Baltimore MD 21228", url = "ftp://gopher.cs.umbc.edu/pub/ARPA/kqml/papers/kbks.ps, http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/papers/kbkshtml/kbks.html", } @InProceedings{Finin:1995:ADA, title = "On Agent Domains, Agent Names and Proxy Agents", author = "Tim Finin and Anupama Potluri and Chelliah Thirunavukkarasu and Don McKay and Robin McEntire", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Firby:1987:IRP, author = "R. James Firby", title = "An Investigation into Reactive Planning in Complex Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, WA", pages = "202--206", month = Aug, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Fischer:1995:MCT, title = "A Model For Cooperative Transportation Scheduling", author = "Klaus Fischer and J{\"{o}}rg P. M{\"{u}}ller and Markus Pischel", pages = "109--116", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The MARS system is described which models cooperative scheduling within a society of shipping companies as a multiagent system. Emphasis is placed on the functionality of the system as a whole --- the solution of the global scheduling problem emerges from local decision-making and problem-solving strategies. An extension of the contract net protocol is presented; we show that it can be used to obtain good initial solutions for complex resource allocation problems. By introducing global information based upon auction protocols, this initial solution can be improved significantly. Experimental results are provided evaluating the performance of different cooperative scheduling strategies. Although the concepts for resource scheduling are presented solely for the transportation domain, their abstraction is useful for a broad variety of resource allocation problems. The MARS system solves the dynamic scheduling problem where no complete specification of the problem is available a priori; thus, it is designed as an on-line system based upon anytime algorithms.", } @InProceedings{Fischer:1995:UCL, title = "Unifying Control In {A} Layered Agent Architecture", author = "Klaus Fischer and J{\"{o}}rg P. M{\"{u}}ller and Markus Pischel and Darius Schier", pages = "446", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "A unifying control framework for describing the individual control layers of the InteRRaP architecture for autonomous interacting agents is presented. InteRRaP is a pragmatic approach to designing complex dynamic agent societies, e.g. for robotics and cooperative scheduling applications. It is based on three general functions describing how the actions an agent commits to are derived from its perception and from its mental model: {\em belief revision and abstraction}, {\em situation recognition and goal activation}, and {\em planning and scheduling}. It is argued that each InteRRaP control layer - the behaviour-based layer, the local planning layer, and the cooperative planning layer - can be described by a combination of different instantiations of these control functions. The basic structure of a control layer is defined. The individual functions and their implementation in the different layers are outlined.", } @InProceedings{Fischer:1996:DTM, title = "A Decision-Theoretic Model for Cooperative Transportation Scheduling", author = "Klaus Fischer and Jvrg Muller", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InCollection{Fisher:1995:M, author = "K. Fisher", title = "{MAGSY}", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "15", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @Book{Fiske:1984:SC, author = "S. Fiske and S. E. Taylor", title = "Social Cognition", publisher = "Addison Wesley", address = "New York, N.Y.", year = "1984", } @InCollection{Flowers:1982:AAL, author = "M. Flowers and R. McGuire and L. Birnbaum", year = "1982", title = "Adversary arguments and the logic of personal attacks", booktitle = "Strategies for Natural Language Processing", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", address = "Hillsdale, N.J.", editor = "W. G. Lehnert and M. H. Ringle", } @TechReport{Forgy:1981:ORM, author = "C. L. Forgy", title = "{OPS5} Reference Manual", institution = "Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", number = "CMU-CS-81-135", year = "1981", } @Article{Forgy:1982:RFA, author = "C. L. Forgy", title = "{RETE}: {A} fast algorithm for the many pattern/many object pattern matching problem", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "19", pages = "17--37", year = "1982", } @TechReport{Fox:1979:OSD, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "Organization Structuring: {D}esigning large complex software", institution = "Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", number = "79-155", month = Dec, year = "1979", } @Article{Fox:1981:OVD, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "An Organizational View of Distributed Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "70--80", month = Jan, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 140--150, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @TechReport{Fox:1982:IMS, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "The Intelligent Management System: {A}n Overview", number = "CMU-RI-81-4", institution = "Carnegie-Mellon Intelligent Systems Laboratory", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = Dec, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Fox:1982:JSS, author = "M. S. Fox and B. Allen and G. Strohm", title = "Job-Shop Scheduling: An Investigation in Constraint-Directed Reasoning", organization = "AAAI", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", year = "1982", booktitle = "AAAI-82", } @PhdThesis{Fox:1983:CDS, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "Constraint-directed Search: {A} Case Study of Job-Shop Scheduling", school = "Carnegie-Mellon University", year = "1983", note = "(Also published as Technical Report CMU-CS-83-161, Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.)", } @Article{Fox:1984:IKB, author = "Mark S. Fox and Stephen F. Smith", title = "{ISIS}---{A} Knowledge-Based System for Factory Scheduling", journal = "Expert Systems", volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "25--49", month = Jul, year = "1984", } @Article{Fox:1986:GMD, author = "M. S. Fox and S. F. Smith and P. S. Ow", title = "Generating and Maintaining Detailed Production Plans: Investigations into the Development of Knowledge-Based Factory Scheduling Systems", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "7", number = "4", month = "Fall", year = "1986", } @Book{Fox:1987:CDS, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "Constraint-directed Search: {A} Case Study of Job-Shop Scheduling", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers", year = "1987", } @Unpublished{Fox:1988:PST, author = "M. S. Fox and N. Sadeh", title = "Problem Space Textures and Topologies: Viewing Heuristic Search as Constraint Satisfaction", note = "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University", year = "1988", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Fox:1989:CHS, author = "Mark S. Fox and Norman Sadeh and Can Baykan", title = "Constrained Heuristic Search", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Detroit, MI", pages = "309--315", month = Aug, year = "1989", } @Article{Fox:1990:AES, author = "Mark S. Fox", title = "{AI} and Expert System Myths, Legends, and Facts", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "8--20", year = "1990", month = feb, volume = "5", number = "1", abstract = "Carnegie Mellon University. An accurate look at what expert systems are as of 1989. Written to dispel many myths about expert systems.", } @TechReport{Franklin:1987:ECB, author = "Robert F. Franklin and Laurel A. Harmon", title = "Elements of Cooperative Behavior", institution = "Environmental Research Institute of Michigan", address = "Ann Arbor, MI 48107", month = Aug, year = "1987", } @Book{French:1982:SSI, author = "S. French", title = "Sequencing and Scheduling: An Introduction to the Mathematics of the Job-Shop", publisher = "Ellis Horwood", address = "Chicester", year = "1982", } @Book{French:1986:DTI, author = "Simon French", title = "Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of Rationality", publisher = "Ellis Horwood", address = "Chichester, England", year = "1986", abstract = "University of Manchester", } @Article{Freundlich:1990:TPI, author = "Yehudah Freundlich", title = "Transfer Pricing : Integrating Expert Systems in {MIS} Environments", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "54--62", year = "1990", month = feb, volume = "5", number = "1", abstract = "Data General", } @PhdThesis{Friedland:1979:KBE, author = "Peter E. Friedland", title = "Knowledge-based Experiment Design in Molecular Genetics", school = "Stanford University", year = "1979", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 79-771, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford California 94305, 1979.)", } @TechReport{Friedland:1983:CIS, author = "Peter E. Friedland and Yumi Iwasaki", title = "The Concept and Implementation of Skeletal Plans", type = "Draft Technical Report", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = Apr, year = "1983", } @Article{Friedman:1977:FC, author = "Daniel P. Friedman and David S. Wise", title = "Functional Combination", journal = "Computer Languages", volume = "3", pages = "31--35", year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Gabriel:1984:QBM, author = "Richard P. Gabriel and John McCarthy", title = "Queue-based Multi-processing {L}isp", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1984 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming", address = "Austin, Texas", pages = "25--43", month = Aug, year = "1984", } @Book{Galbraith:1958:O, title = "Organizations", author = "J. Galbraith", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", address = "New York", year = "1958", } @Book{Galbraith:1973:DCO, author = "Jay Galbraith", title = "Designing Complex Organizations", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1973", } @Book{Galbraith:1977:OD, author = "Jay R. Galbraith", title = "Organization Design", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1977", } @Book{Galegher:1990:ITS, author = "Jolene Galegher and Robert E. Kraut and Carmen Egido", title = "Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", year = "1990", } @TechReport{Gallagher:1988:BRS, author = "Kevin Q. Gallagher and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Blackboard Retrieval Strategies in {GBB}", number = "88-39", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Dec, year = "1988", } @Manual{Gallagher:1988:GRM, author = "Kevin Q. Gallagher and Daniel D. Corkill and Philip M. Johnson", title = "{GBB} Reference Manual", organization = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", edition = "{GBB} {V}ersion 1.2", month = Sep, year = "1988", note = "(Published as Technical Report 88-66, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, September 1988.)", } @InCollection{Gallagher:1989:PAG, author = "Kevin Q. Gallagher and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Performance aspects of {GBB}", booktitle = "Current Trends in Blackboard Systems", editor = "V. Jagannathan and Raj T. Dodhiawala", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1989", note = "(In press.)", } @InProceedings{Gamble:1994:UFS, author = "Rose Gamble and Sandip Sen", title = "Using Formal Specification to Resolve Conflicts between Contracting Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI-94 Workshop on Conflict Management in Cooperative Problem Solving", publisher = "AAAI Press", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", month = Aug, pages = "33--38", } @Book{Garey:1979:CIG, author = "Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson", title = "Computers and Intractability: {A} Guide to the Theory of {NP}-Completeness", publisher = "W.H. Freeman and Co.", address = "San Francisco, CA", year = "1979", } @InProceedings{Garland:1995:PMA, author = "Andrew Garland and Richard Alterman", title = "Preparation of Multi-Agent Knowledge for Reuse", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation of Knowldege for Reuse", year = "1995", editor = "David W. Aha and Ashwin Ram", publisher = "AAAI", address = "Cambridge, MA", month = Nov, } @InProceedings{Garland:1996:MLT, author = "Andrew Garland and Richard Alterman", title = "Multiagent Learning through Collective Memory.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Garvey:1981:ITI, author = "Thomas D. Garvey and John D. Lowrance and Martin A. Fischler", title = "An Inference Technique for Integrating Knowledge from Disparate Sources", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tokyo, Japan", pages = "319--325", month = Aug, year = "1981", } @Manual{Garvey:1986:BUM, author = "Alan Garvey and Michael Hewett and M. Vaughan Johnson and Robert Schulman and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "{BB1} User Manual", organization = "Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Departments of Medical and Computer Science", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", edition = "{C}ommon {L}isp", month = Oct, year = "1986", note = "(Published as Working Paper KSL 86-61, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Departments of Medical and Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.)", } @InProceedings{Garvey:1987:CCV, author = "Alan Garvey and Craig Cornelius and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Computational Costs versus Benefits of Control Reasoning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1987", pages = "110--115", month = jul, abstract = "Stanford University. Experiment is carried out using the PROTEAN Expert system to determine if the cost of using control knowledge is offset by a reduction in symbolic processing time.", } @TechReport{Garvey:1987:IDF, author = "Alan Garvey", title = "Implementing Diverse Forms of Control Knowledge in Multiple Control Architectures", institution = "Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University", type = "Technical Report", year = "1987", number = "KSL-87-40", } @InCollection{Garvey:1989:EAE, author = "Alan Garvey and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "An Empirical Analysis of Explicit vs. Implicit Control Architectures", booktitle = "Blackboard Architectures and Applications", publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.", year = "1989", editor = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala and Lawrence S. Baum", pages = "43--56", } @TechReport{Garvey:1991:DTR, author = "Alan Garvey and Victor Lesser", title = "Design-to-time Real-Time Scheduling", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1991", number = "91--72", note = "To appear, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Special Issue on Scheduling, Planning, and Control, 23(6), 1993", } @Article{Garvey:1993:DTR, author = "Alan Garvey and Victor Lesser", title = "Design-to-time Real-Time Scheduling", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "23", number = "6", year = "1993", pages = "1491--1502", } @InProceedings{Garvey:1993:TID, author = "Alan Garvey and Marty Humphrey and Victor Lesser", title = "Task Interdependencies in Design-To-Time Real-Time Scheduling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Washington", pages = "580--585", month = jul, } @PhdThesis{Garvey:1996:DTR, author = "Alan J. Garvey", title = "Design-to-time Real-time Scheduling", school = "Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst", month = feb, year = "1996", } @InProceedings{Gaspar:1995:DGI, title = "Deriving Goals and Intentions", author = "Gra\c{c}a Gaspar and Helder Coelho", pages = "447", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Lately, defining intentions, as well as relating intentions to other components of the mental state of an agent, has been a topic of active research. However, when we look for foundations on which to base implementations of agencies, we get in real trouble because the formal side is too far from the engineering side. In this paper, we defend a model of goals and intentions, based on deductive structures, and an integrated framework for revising them, that can and has been adopted as a specification for designing and building up artificial agents. The development of our model has guided the parallel development of a workbench, and experimentation with earlier versions of the workbench has in turn provided guidance for the refinement and extension of the conceptual model. We argue that research for theoretical foundations of multiagent systems must open the way for such walks, forth towards implementations and back, in order to lead up to realistic models.", keywords = "Agent models and architectures; Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multiagent systems", } @Book{Gass:1985:LPM, author = "Saul Gass", title = "Linear Programming : Methods and Applications", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1985", call_number = "PSE T57.74 G3", } @Article{Gasser:1985:WDA, author = "L. Gasser", title = "The 1985 Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "8", number = "2", year = "1985", } @Article{Gasser:1986:ICR, author = "L. Gasser", title = "The Integration of Computing and Routine Work", journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems", volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "205--225", month = Jul, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Gasser:1987:IDA, author = "L. Gasser and C. Braganza and N. Herman", title = "Implementing Distributed Artifical Intelligence Systems using {MACE}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications", pages = "315--320", year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 445--450, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InCollection{Gasser:1987:MFT, author = "Les Gasser and Carl Braganza and Nava Herman", title = "{MACE}: {A} Flexible Testbed for Distributed {AI} Research", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "5", pages = "119--152", year = "1987", } @Article{Gasser:1987:RWD, author = "Les Gasser", title = "Report on the 1985 Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "91--97", month = "Summer", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Gasser:1988:IDA, author = "L. Gasser and C. Braganza and N. Herman", title = "Implementing Distributed {AI} Systems Using {MACE}", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "445--450", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Gasser:1988:RUO, author = "Les Gasser and Nicolas Rouquette", title = "Representing and Using Organizational Knowledge in Distributed {AI} Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1988 Distributed AI Workshop", month = May, year = "1988", } @Book{Gasser:1989:DAI, editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Gasser:1989:RUO, author = "Les Gasser and Nicolas Rouquette and Randall W. Hill and John Lieb", title = "Representing and Using Organizational Knowledge in {DAI} Systems", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", pages = "55--78", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Gasser:1991:DOA, author = "Les Gasser and Toru Ishida", title = "A Dynamic Organizational Architecture for Adaptive Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim", month = jul, pages = "185--190", } @Article{Gasser:1991:SCKa, author = "Les Gasser", title = "Social Conceptions of Knowledge and Action: {DAI} Foundations and Open Systems Semantics", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "47", number = "1-3", pages = "107--138", year = "1991", } @Article{Gasser:1991:SCKb, author = "Les Gasser", title = "Social Conceptions of Knowledge and Action", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", volume = "47", number = "1", pages = "107--138", } @InProceedings{Gasser:1995:COR, title = "Computational Organization Research", author = "Les Gasser", pages = "414--415", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @InProceedings{Geddis:1995:IVI, title = "Infomaster: {A} Virtual Information System", author = "Donald F. Geddis and Michael R. Genesereth and Arthur M. Keller and Narinder P. Singh", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @TechReport{Genesereth:1982:MLA, author = "Michael R. Genesereth and David E. Smith", title = "Meta-level Architecture", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = Dec, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Genesereth:1983:OML, author = "Michael R. Genesereth", title = "An Overview of Meta-level Architecture", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Washington, D.C.", pages = "119--124", month = Aug, year = "1983", } @TechReport{Genesereth:1984:CC, author = "M. R. Genesereth and M. L. Ginsberg and J. S. Rosenschein", title = "Cooperation Without Communications", number = "84-36", institution = "Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", year = "1984", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 220--226, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @TechReport{Genesreth:1992:KIF, author = "M. R. Genesreth and R. E. Fikes and others", title = "Knowledge Interchange Format, Version 3.0 Reference Manual", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", type = "Technical Report", year = "1992", number = "Logic-92-1", } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1983:CIMa, author = "Michael Georgeff", title = "Communication and Interaction in Multi-Agent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Washington, D.C.", pages = "125--129", month = Aug, year = "1983", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 200--204, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1983:CIMb, author = "Michael Georgeff", title = "Communication and Interaction in Multiagent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1983", pages = "125--129", month = aug, } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1984:TAM, author = "Michael Georgeff", title = "A Theory of Action for MultiAgent Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Austin, TX", pages = "121--125", month = Aug, year = "1984", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 205--209, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1986:REM, author = "Michael Georgeff", title = "A Representation of Events in Multi-Agent Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "70--75", month = Aug, year = "1986", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 210--215, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1995:ATP, title = "Agents and Their Plans", author = "Michael Georgeff", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Georgeff:1995:SIM, author = "Michael P. Georgeff and Anand S. Rao", title = "The Semantics of Intention Mainteance for Rational Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "704--710", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @Article{Gerson:1976:L, author = "Elihu M. Gerson", title = "On `Quality of Life'", journal = "American Sociological Review", year = "1976", volume = "41", pages = "793--806", } @Book{Giarratano:1989:ESP, author = "J. Giarratano and G. Riley", title = "Expert Systems: Principles \& Programming", publisher = "PWS-KENT", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Gil:1995:AKU, title = "Acquiring knowledge from users in a reflective architecture", author = "Yolanda Gil", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @InCollection{Ginsberg:1987:DP, author = "Matthew L. Ginsberg", title = "Decision Procedures", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "1", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Giunchiglia:1995:ARO, title = "Agents as Reasoners, Observers, or Arbitrary Believers", author = "Enrico Giunchiglia and Fausto Giunchiglia and Luciano Serafini", pages = "448", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The work described in this paper aims at the definition of a general framework for the formal specification of agents' beliefs in a multiagent environment. This framework formalizes and composes two basic ideas. The first is that of {\it reasoner}, where a reasoner is an extensional representation of an agent's beliefs or of a view of an agent's beliefs. The second is that of {\it observer} i.e. of reasoner having beliefs about another reasoner. Reasoners and observers can be uniformly represented and composed in {\it belief systems} to describe complex multiagent scenarios. Belief systems are naturally presented using {\it Multi context systems}. We show how some of the modal approaches to the formalization of (non) omniscient belief can be captured within our framework.", } @InProceedings{Giunchiglia:1996:IRB, title = "Ideal and Real Belief about Belief", author = "Fausto Giunchiglia and Enrico Giunchiglia", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Glance:1995:DCS, title = "Dilemmas in computational societies", author = "Natalie S. Glance and Tad Hogg", pages = "117--124", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "World-wide interlinked computer networks are forming the foundation for computational societies of software agents. Already, these new societies have encountered problems endemic to human communities, such as overusing common resources with thrashing over virtual memory and competition by packets for network time. Unlike with human societies, these inefficiencies can be overcome by re-working the algorithms governing the protocols. However, the public good problem, in which a common good is available to all regardless of contribution, can arise computationally in more subtle ways. We discuss how this can happen using Braess' Paradox and demonstrate that adding resources to a computational system can counterintuitively lower the overall performance. This is thus a case in which distributed algorithms are provably unable to achieve globally optimal performance. We illustrate our claim using a genetic algorithm and computational ecosystem.", } @Book{Glass:1986:C, author = "A. L. Glass and K. J. Holyoak", title = "Cognition", publisher = "Random House", year = "1986", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Glicoes:1995:MAE, author = "Laurence Glicoes and Richard Staats and Michael N. Huhns", title = "A Multi-Agent Environment for Department of Defense Distribution", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "14--19", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "The United States Department of Defense (DoD) requires an effective, economic method for utilizing available distribution system to move its personnel, equipment and supplies in support of military operations world wide. Recent reductions in the DoD budget have placed a premium on leveraging technologically innovative solutions to accomplish this requirement. This paper examines the integration of cooperative autonomous computational agent technology with low cost satellite communications capability. Under this concept, Intelligent Agents (IA) would be developed and integrated into the spectrum of transportation actions DoD wide. The IA would be divided into two categories, static (attached to intermodal sites) and mobile (attached to shipments). The IA act as economic competitors in routing the shipments through the DoD transportation network. The result being effective and efficient transportation of goods and personnel for both routine operations and unforeseen contingencies. The global communication system offered by the satellites would be used to track shipment status and continually update the shared intermodal knowledge base.", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1991:CDT, author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Edmund H. Durfee and David K. Wehe", title = "Combining Decision Theory and Hierarchical Planning for a Time-Dependent Robotic Application", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Conference on AI Applications", pages = "282--288", month = Feb, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1991:DTA, author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Edmund H. Durfee and David K. Wehe", title = "A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Coordinating Multiagent Interactions", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", pages = "62--68", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, } @TechReport{Gmytrasiewicz:1991:RRS, author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "Rational Reasoning System: {A}pplication of Decision Theory in Autonomous Robotics", institution = "University of Michigan", month = "In preparation", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1991:UCC, author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Edmund H. Durfee and David K. Wehe", title = "The Utility of Communication in Coordinating Intelligent Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "166--172", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1992:LKB, author = "P. J. Gmytrasiewicz and E. H. Durfee", title = "Logic of Knowledge and Bielief for Recursive Modeling: Preliminary Report", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "628--634", month = jul, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1993:UEK, author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "The Utility of Embedded Knowledge-Oriented Actions", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "155--169", month = may, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1995:ROF, title = "A Rigorous, Operational Formalization of Recursive Modeling", author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "125--132", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We present a formalization of the Recursive Modeling Method, which we have previously, somewhat informally, proposed as a method that autonomous artificial agents can use for intelligent coordination and communication with other agents. Our formalism is closely related to models proposed in the area of game theory, but contains new elements that lead to a different solution concept. The advantage of our solution method is that always yields the optimal solution, which is the rational action of the agent in a multi-agent environment, given the agent's state of knowledge and its preferences, and that it works in realistic cases when agents have only a finite amount of information about the agents they interact with. Our framework can be used to investigate the rational communicative behavior. We define the concept of a pragmatic meaning of a speech act, and show how to use it to evaluate the expected utility of performing such a speech act. The expected utility can be used to choose the optimal communicative behavior.", keywords = "Theoretical foundations, Coordination and communication", } @TechReport{Gokulchander:1992:PHT, author = "P. Gokulchander and A. Preece and C. Grossner", title = "Path Hunter: {A} Tool for Finding the Paths in a Rule Based Expert System", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0592-0012", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = May, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Golding:1991:IRB, author = "Andrew R. Golding and Paul S. Rosenbloom", title = "Improving Rule--Based Systems through Case--Based Reasoning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", pages = "22--27", } @InProceedings{Goldman:1993:ECT, author = "Claudia Goldman and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Emergent Coordination through the Use of Cooperative State-Changing Rules", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "171--185", month = may, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Goldman:1994:ECT, title = "Emergent Coordination through the Use of Cooperative State--Changing Rules", author = "Claudia V. Goldman and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "408--413", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Goldman:1995:MSL, author = "Claudia V. Goldman and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Mutually Supervised Learning in Multiagent Systems", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "20--25", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Learning in a multiagent environment can help agents improve their performance. Agents, in meeting with others, can learn about the partner's knowledge and strategic behavior. Agents that operate in dynamic environments could react to unexpected events by generalizing what they have learned during a training stage. In this paper, we propose several learning rules for agents in a multiagent environment. Each agent acts as the teacher of its partner. The agents are trained by receiving examples from a sample space; they then go through a generalization step during which they have to apply the concept they have learned from their instructor. Agents that learn from each other can sometimes avoid repeatedly coordinating their actions from scratch for similar problems. They will sometimes be able to avoid communication at run-time, by using learned coordination concepts.", } @Article{Gomez:1981:KOD, author = "Fernando Gomez and B. Chandrasekaran", title = "Knowledge Organization and Distribution for Medical Diagnosis", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1981", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "34--42", month = jan, } @Book{Gotwald:1995:AAB, title = "Army Ants: {T}he Biology of Social Predation", author = "William H. {Gotwald, Jr.}", publisher = "Cornell University", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Goyal:1986:ESN, author = "S. K. Goyal and W. Worrest", title = "Expert Systems in Network Management and Maintenance", booktitle = "Proc. ICC", year = "1986", pages = "1225--1229", } @InCollection{Goyal:1988:ESA, author = "S. Goyal and R. Worrest", title = "Expert System Applications to Network Management", booktitle = "Expert System Applications to Telecommunications", editor = "J. Leibowitz", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", volume = "1", pages = "3--44", year = "1988", } @Article{Grant:1986:LAS, author = "T. J. Grant", title = "Lessons for {OR} from {AI}: {A} scheduling case study", journal = "Operational Research Society", volume = "37", pages = "41--57", year = "1986", } @Article{Graves:1981:RPS, author = "S. C. Graves", title = "A Review of Production Scheduling", journal = "Operations Research", volume = "29", pages = "646--675", year = "1981", } @Article{Gray:1990:CKT, author = "N. A. B. Gray", title = "Capturing Knowledge through Top-Down Induction of Decision Trees", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "41--50", year = "1990", month = jun, volume = "5", number = "3", abstract = "Univ. of Wollongong, Australia The classification problem is tackled using a learning set decision trees are constructed to classify objects with a set of attributes. A method is described to determine which attributes are best suited for recognition of a particular class.", } @InProceedings{Gray:1995:ATT, title = "Agent {T}cl: {A} transportable agent system", author = "Robert S. Gray", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Grecu:1996:LDT, author = "Dan L. Grecu and David C. Brown", title = "Learning to Design Together.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Green:1982:DAS, author = "Peter E. Green", title = "Distributed Acoustic Surveillance and Tracking", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Networks Workshop", year = "1982", note = "Published by the Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania", } @InCollection{Green:1987:AFT, author = "Peter E. Green", title = "{AF}: {A} Flexible Testbed for Distributed {AI} Research", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "6", pages = "153--175", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Grefenstette:1996:MCC, author = "John Grefenstette and Robert Daley", title = "Methods for competitive and cooperative co-evolution.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @TechReport{Greif:1982:PPC, author = "Irene Greif", title = "{PCAL:} {A} Personal Calendar", number = "TM-213", institution = "MIT Laboratory for Computer Science", address = "Cambridge, Mass", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Grosof:1995:CRA, title = "Conflict resolution in advice taking and instruction for learning agents", author = "Benjamin Grosof", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @InProceedings{Grosof:1995:RAE, title = "Reusable Architecture for Embedding Rule-based Intelligence in Information Agents", author = "Benjamin N. Grosof and David W. Levine and Hoi Y. Chan and Colin J. Parris and Joshua S. Auerbach", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @TechReport{Grossner:1990:IDM, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Information Deficit: {A} Metric for the Data Distribution in an Organization", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-1190-0008", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Grossner:1990:ISP, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Ill Structured Problems", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0690-0004", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jun, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Grossner:1990:OCEa, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Organizations for Cooperating Expert Systems", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0790-0006", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Grossner:1990:OCEb, author = "C. Grossner and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Organizations for Cooperating Expert Systems", booktitle = "22nd Southeastern Symposium on System Theory", month = Mar, year = "1990", note = "", abstract = "", } @TechReport{Grossner:1991:BTT, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Blackbox Training and Testing Software for Human Subjects", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0791-0011", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @TechReport{Grossner:1991:OO, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Optimality of an Organization", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0391-0009", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Mar, year = "1991", } @TechReport{Grossner:1991:TTD, author = "C. Grossner", title = "Towards a Tool for the Design of Organizations", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0591-0010", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = May, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Grossner:1991:VES, author = "C. Grossner and J. Lyons and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Validation of an Expert System Intended for Research in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", booktitle = "2nd CLIPS Conference, Johnson Space Center", month = sep, year = "1991", note = "", abstract = "", } @TechReport{Grossner:1992:SRB, author = "C. Grossner and P. Gokulchander and A. Preece", title = "On The Structure of Rule Based Expert Systems", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0592-0013", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = May, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Grossner:1992:TTD, author = "C. Grossner and J. Lyons and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Towards a Tool for Design of Cooperating Expert Systems", booktitle = "4th International Conference on Tools for Artificial Intelligence", month = nov, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Grossner:1993:DDO, author = "C. Grossner and P. Gokulchander and A. Preece and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Data Distribution in Organizations of Cooperating Expert Systems", booktitle = "12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", month = may, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Grossner:1993:ESR, author = "C. Grossner and A. Preece and P. Gokulchander and T. Radhakrishnan and C. Y. Suen", title = "Exploring the Structure of Rule Based Systems", booktitle = "{Proc. \ Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 93)}", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Grosz:1985:DSP, author = "Barbara J. Grosz and Candace L. Sidner", title = "Discourse Structure and the Proper Treatment of Interruptions", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "832--839", month = Aug, year = "1985", } @InCollection{Grosz:1988:PD, author = "B. J. Grosz and C. Sidner", title = "Plans for Discourse", booktitle = "Intentions in Communication", editor = "Cohen and Morgan and Pollack", publisher = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Grosz:1990:PD, author = "B. J. Grosz and C. Sidner", title = "Plans for Discourse", booktitle = "Intentions in Communication", editor = "P. R. Cohen and J. Morgan and M. E. Pollack", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Grosz:1993:CPG, author = "B. Grosz and S. Kraus", title = "Collaborative Plans for Group Activities", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Chamb\'{e}ry, France", month = aug, year = "1993", } @InCollection{Grudin:1987:SEU, author = "Jonathan Grudin", title = "Social Evaluation of the User Interface: {W}ho Does the Work and Who Gets the Benefit?", booktitle = "Human Computer Interaction -- INTERACT87", pages = "805--811", editor = "H. Bullinger and B. Shacketl", publisher = "North Holland", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Gu:1995:FDR, author = "Pan Gu and Antnony B. Maddox", title = "A Framework for Distributed Reinforcement Learning", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "26--31", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "This paper proposes a novel learning model, called the distributed reinforcemnet learning model (DRLM), that allows distributed agents to learn multiple interrelated tasks in a real-time environment. DRLM consists of a hidden task model (HTM) used for dealing with incomplete perception, a composite state model (CSM) for interdependency between tasks, and a Q- learing subsystem (QLS) for updating action merit. In this paper, we also present a distributed Q-learning algorithm and an architecture that allows agents to reward their peers' actions and share their experience. DRLM is successfully implemented in a flexible manufactuing system where sensors (modeled as agents) have to learn to communicate with humans about the material handling activities using graphical actions such as displays and animaiton.", } @InProceedings{Gu:1995:QAC, title = "A quantitative analysis of the Contract Net Protocol", author = "Cheng Gu and Toru Ishida", pages = "449", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The Contract Net Protocol (CNP) assigns a subtask to agents which are involved in multiagent problem solving. Although the logical aspects of the negotiation protocol have been analyzed, the properties of protocol dynamics remain unclear. This paper introduces our quantitative analysis of protocol dynamics which is essential for constructing continuous realtime applications. In this paper, a simulation independent of any application has been carried out in order to analyze the dynamic properties of the CNP. We have obtained the following results: the contractor utility increases together with the system load while the manager utility decreases; when the number of agents increases, the contractor utility rises while the manager utility does not change; the uniformity of agents causes the concentration of ``bids'' and ``awards,'' and thus decreases the manager and the contractor utility. Furthermore, we apply our simulation results to analyze Enterprise, a famous application of the CNP, and point out the problem which might arise in Enterprise.", } @InProceedings{Gu:1996:ASB, title = "Analyzing the Social Behavior of Contract Net Protocol", author = "Cheng Gu and Toru Ishida", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Guessoum:1996:RTA, title = "A Real-Time Agent Model in an Asynchronous-Object Environment", author = "Zahia Guessoum and M. Dojat", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Article{Guha:1990:CMR, author = "R. V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat", title = "Cyc: {A} Midterm Report", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "11", number = "3", pages = "33--59", month = "Fall", year = "1990", } @Article{Hackman:1974:IGP, author = "J. R. Hackman and R. E. Kaplan", title = "Interventions into group processes: An approach to improving the effectiveness of groups", journal = "Decision Science", year = "1974", volume = "5", pages = "459--480", } @InProceedings{Haddadi:1995:TPT, title = "Towards a Pragmatic Theory of Interactions", author = "Afsaneh Haddadi", pages = "133--139", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This article provides a specification of the reasoning processes that guide communicative actions of agents towards a potential cooperation. For this purpose we develop a formal theory with an internal perspective, which enables us to identify the key data structures and specify the relationships between them. The reasoning processes are described in terms of beliefs, desires and intentions of individual agents. The logical model of these attitudes are used to formally define a number of important states including agent to agent commitment. The reasoning processes are in essence the transitions through these states, specified by a set of rules as part of our specification language. As a result of these processes, an agent may adopt goals to communicate. These goals are fed back into the reasoning process to find appropriate communication plans that fulfill them. Our approach is therefore pragmatic since it enables a direct coupling of our theoretical concepts to an implementable model.", keywords = "Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multiagent systems, Cooperation and Communication issues.", } @TechReport{Hagafors:1982:COP, author = "Roger Hagafors", title = "The Character of Organizational Problems: {A} classification system for organizational decision-making", number = "317", institution = "University of Uppsala", address = "Department of Psychology, Uppsala, Sweden", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1984:KCK, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Yoram Moses", title = "Knowledge and Common Knowledge in a Distributed Environment", booktitle = "Third ACM Conference on Principles of Distributed Computing", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Halpern:1984:TTK, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Yoram Moses", title = "Towards a Theory of Knowledge and Ignorance: {P}reliminary Report", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1984 Non-Monotonic Reasoning Workshop", year = "1984", pages = "125--143", month = oct, } @InProceedings{Halpern:1985:GML, author = "Joseph Y. Halpern and Yoram Moses", title = "A Guide to the Modal Logics of Knowledge and Belief", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "480--490", month = Aug, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Halstead84:Implementation, author = "Robert H. {Halstead, Jr.}", title = "Implementation of {M}ultilisp: {L}isp on a multiprocessor", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1984 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming", address = "Austin, Texas", pages = "9--17", month = Aug, year = "1984", } @Article{Halstead85:Multilisp, author = "Robert H. {Halstead, Jr.}", title = "Multilisp: {A} Language for Concurrent Symbolic Computation", journal = "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems", volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "501--538", month = Oct, year = "1985", } @Article{Halstead86:Assessment, author = "Robert H. {Halstead, Jr.}", title = "An Assessment of Multilisp: {L}essons from experience", journal = "International Journal of Parallel Programming", volume = "15", number = "6", pages = "459--501", year = "1986", note = "(Due to publishing delays, this issue did not appear until late 1987.)", } @InProceedings{Hammond:1986:CMC, author = "Kristian J. Hammond", title = "{CHEF}: {A} Model of Case-based Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "267--271", month = Aug, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Hanh:1994:SEK, author = "Mark S. Hanh", title = "Simulating Evolution In a Kolmogorov Predator-Prey Model With Genetic Extensions", booktitle = "Artificial Life at Stanford 1994", year = "1994", editor = "John R. Koza", pages = "44--53", address = "Stanford, California", month = jun, organisation = "Stanford University", publisher = "Stanford Bookstore", keywords = "genetic algorithms", ISBN = "0-18-182105-2", notes = "This volume contains 22 papers written and submitted by students describing their term projects for the course in artificial life (Computer Science 425) at Stanford University offered during the spring quarter quarter 1994 http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~koza/cs425.html", } @InProceedings{Hanks:1988:RCT, author = "Steve Hanks", title = "Representing and Computing Temporally Scoped Beliefs", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "501--505", month = Aug, year = "1988", } @Article{Hanks:1993:BTB, author = "Steve Hanks and Martha E. Pollack and Paul R. Cohen", title = "Benchmarks, Test Beds, Controlled Experimentation, and the Design of Agent Architectures", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "14", number = "4", pages = "17--42", month = "Winter", year = "1993", } @InCollection{Hanson:1978:VCS, author = "Allen R. Hanson and Edward M. Riseman", title = "{VISIONS}: {A} computer system for interpreting scenes", booktitle = "Computer Vision Systems", editor = "Allen R. Hanson and Edward M. Riseman", pages = "303--333", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1978", } @Article{Haralick:1980:ITS, author = "R. M. Haralick and G. L. Elliott", title = "Increasing Tree Search Efficiency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "14", number = "3", pages = "263--313", year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Harmon:1980:PRC, author = "S. Harmon and D. Gage", title = "Protocols for Robot Communications: Transport and Content Layers", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1980 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society", pages = "1090--1097", year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Harmon:1984:CIS, author = "S. Y. Harmon and D. W. Gage and W. A. Aviles and G. L. Bianchini", title = "Coordination of Intelligent Subsystems in Complex Robots", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications", year = "1984", pages = "64--69", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Harmon:1986:TCA, author = "S. Y. Harmon and W. A. Aviles and D. W. Gage", title = "A Technique for Coordinating Autonomous Robots", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation", pages = "2029--2034", year = "1986", } @Article{Harrison:1991:TSV, author = "R. P. Harrison and P. A. Ratcliffe", title = "Towards Standards for the Validation of Expert Systems", journal = "Expert Systems with Applications", volume = "2", number = "4", year = "1991", pages = "251--258", } @TechReport{Hart:1990:EVI, author = "D. M. Hart and S. D. Anderson and P. R. Cohen", title = "Envelopes as a vehicle for improving the efficiency of plan execution", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1990", number = "90--21", } @InProceedings{Hasida:1995:GTA, title = "A Game-Theoretic Account of Cooperation in Communication", author = "K\^{o}iti Hasida and Katashi Nagao and Takashi Miyata", pages = "140--147", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Communication inherently tends to be cooperative. Not only the sender of a message intends to communicate, but also the receiver is normally motivated to know the semantic content of the message intended by the sender, even if the receiver doubts the sender's honesty. The present paper accounts for how autonomous agents as selfish utility maximizers naturally cooperate in reaching a common optimal mapping between messages and their contents, raising the robustness of communication. An occasion of communication between two agents can be generally formalized as a non-cooperative n-person game (usually n>2), and the optimal mapping is shown to be obtained as a Nash equilibrium which maximizes the agents' expected utility over all the possible occasions of communication. Some regularities in natural language pragmatics are demonstrated to follow from this account.", } @InProceedings{Hassas:1996:TSO, author = "Salima Hassas and Jacques Bonneville", title = "Towards a self-organizational approach for a parallel computation in a distributed production rule based system.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Article{Hayek:1945:UKS, author = "F. Hayek", title = "The Uses of Knowledge in Society", journal = "American Economic Review", year = "1945", volume = "35", month = sep, pages = "519--530", } @InProceedings{Hayes-Roth:1977:FAHa, author = "Frederick Hayes-Roth and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Focus of Attention in the {H}earsay-{II} System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "27--35", month = Aug, year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Hayes-Roth:1977:FAHb, author = "Frederick Hayes-Roth and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Focus of Attention in the {Hearsay-II} Speech Understanding System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1977", month = aug, pages = "27--35", } @Article{Hayes-Roth:1979:CMP, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and Frederick Hayes-Roth", title = "A Cognitive Model of Planning", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "275--310", month = oct # "--" # dec, year = "1979", } @Article{Hayes-Roth:1980:TFD, author = "Frederick Hayes-Roth", title = "Towards a Framework for Distributed {AI}", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1980", number = "73", pages = "51--52", month = oct, } @Book{Hayes-Roth:1983:BES, author = "F. Hayes-Roth and D. A Waterman and D. B Lenat", title = "Building Expert Systems", publisher = "Addison Wesley", year = "1983", } @Article{Hayes-Roth:1985:BAC, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "A Blackboard Architecture for Control", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "26", number = "3", pages = "251--321", month = Jul, year = "1985", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 503--540, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Hayes-Roth:1986:ABB, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and M. Vaughan {Johnson, Jr.} and Alan Garvey and Micheal Hewett", title = "Application of the {BB}1 Blackboard Architecture to Arrangement-Assembly Tasks", journal = "International Journal for Artificial Intelligence in Engineering", volume = "1", number = "2", year = "1986", pages = "85--94", } @TechReport{Hayes-Roth:1986:MLE, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and Alan Garvey and M. Vaughan {Johnson, Jr.} and Micheal Hewett", title = "A Modular and Layered Environment for Reasoning about Action", institution = "Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University", type = "Technical Report", year = "1986", number = "KSL-86-38", } @InCollection{Hayes-Roth:1988:ACOa, author = "Frederick Hayes-Roth and Lee D. Erman and Scott Fouse and Jay S. Lark and James Davidson", title = "{ABE}: {A} Cooperative Operation System and Development Environment", booktitle = "AI Tools and Techniques", editor = "Mark Richer", publisher = "Ablex Publishing Corporation", year = "1988", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 457--489, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InCollection{Hayes-Roth:1988:ACOb, author = "F. Hayes-Roth and L. Erman and S. Fouse and J. Lark and J. Davidson", title = "{ABE}: {A} Cooperative Operating System and Development Environment", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "457--490", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Hayes-Roth:1988:BSB, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and M. Vaughan Johnson and Alan Garvey and Micheal Hewett", title = "Building Systems in the {BB*} Environment", booktitle = "Blackboard Systems", publisher = "Addison Wesley", year = "1988", editor = "Robert Engelmore and Tony Morgan", address = "Wokingham, England", pages = "543--561", } @InCollection{Hayes-Roth:1989:CBS, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Control in Blackboard Systems", booktitle = "Blackboard Architectures and Applications", publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.", year = "1989", editor = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala and Lawrence S. Baum", pages = "3--7", } @InCollection{Hayes-Roth:1989:DIW, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and Micheal Hewett and Richard Washington and Rattikorn Hewett and Adam Seiver", title = "Distributing Intelligence within an Individual", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", pages = "385--412", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Hayes-Roth:1989:IMC, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and Richard Washington and Rattikorn Hewett and Micheal Hewett", title = "Intelligent Monitoring and Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1989", month = aug, address = "Detroit", pages = "250--255", } @InProceedings{Hayes-Roth:1989:MPI, author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "A Multi-processor Interrupt-driven Architecture for Adaptive Intelligent Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Annual AAAI Workshop on Blackboard Systems", year = "1989", address = "Detroit", month = aug, note = "Also KSL-87-31", } @InProceedings{Hayes-Roth:1995:MCD, title = "Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation", author = "Barbara Hayes-Roth and Lee Brownston and Robert van Gent", pages = "148--154", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Directed improvisation is a new paradigm for multiagent interaction. One or more human users direct one or more computer characters with scripted or interactive directions. The characters work together to improvise a course of behavior that follows the directions, expresses their distinctive individual styles, honors social conventions, and meets other objectives. The resulting {"}performance{"} reflects the collaboration among all of the human and computer agents. Directed improvisation has several attractive properties as a paradigm for multiagent human-computer interaction, which we illustrate in our testbed application, a {"}computer-animated improvisational theater{"} for children. Directed improvisation also presents distinctive agent requirements that make it a useful addition to the domain of multiagent paradigms: demand for situated, spontaneous, opportunistic behavior; demand for very intimate agent interaction and shared control; and emphasis on process-oriented evaluation criteria.", keywords = "Conceptual foundations of multiagent systems, Agent architecture", } @InProceedings{Hayes:1974:SPN, author = "Patrick J. Hayes", title = "Some Problems and Non-Problems in Representation Theory", booktitle = "Proc. AISB Summer Conference", pages = "63--79", address = "Univ. of Sussex", year = "1974", } @TechReport{Haynes:1994:ECS, author = "Thomas Haynes and Roger Wainwright and Sandip Sen", title = "Evolving cooperation strategies", number = "UTULSA-MCS-94-10", institution = "The University of Tulsa", year = "1994", month = dec # " 16,", } @MastersThesis{Haynes:1994:SAA, author = "Thomas D. Haynes", title = "A Simulation of Adaptive Agents in a Hostile Environment", school = "University of Tulsa", year = "1994", month = apr, address = "Tulsa, OK.", } @InProceedings{Haynes:1995:EBS, author = "Thomas Haynes and Sandip Sen", title = "Evolving behavioral strategies in Predators and Prey", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "32--37", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "The predator/prey domain is utilized to conduct research in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Genetic Programing is used to evolve behavioral strategies for the predator agents. To further the utility of the predator strategies, the prey population is allowed to evolve at the same time. The expected competitive learning cycle did not surface. This failing is investigated, and a simple prey algorithm surfaces, which is consistently able to evade capture from the predator algorithms.", } @InProceedings{Haynes:1995:ECS, title = "Evolving Cooperation Strategies", author = "Thomas Haynes and Roger Wainwright and Sandip Sen", pages = "450", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The identification, design, and implementation of strategies for cooperation is a central research issue in the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI). We propose a novel approach to the construction of cooperation strategies for a group of problem solvers based on the Genetic Programming (GP) paradigm. GP's are a class of adaptive algorithms used to evolve solution structures that optimize a given evaluation criterion. Our approach is based on designing a representation for cooperation strategies that can be manipulated by GPs. We present results from experiments in the predator-prey domain, which has been extensively studied as an easy-to-describe but difficult-to-solve cooperation problem domain. They key aspect of our approach is the minimal reliance on domain knowledge and human intervention in the construction of good cooperation strategies. Promising comparison results with prior systems lend credence to the viability of this approach.", keywords = "evolutionary computation, cooperation strategies", } @Article{Haynes:1995:EMC, author = "Thomas Haynes and Sandip Sen and Dale Schoenefeld and Roger Wainwright", title = "Evolving Multiagent Coordination Strategies with Genetic Programming", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", note = "(submitted for review)", } @InProceedings{Haynes:1995:ET, author = "Thomas Haynes and Sandip Sen and Dale Schoenefeld and Roger Wainwright", title = "Evolving a Team", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Genetic Programming", year = "1995", editor = "E. V. Siegel and J. R. Koza", publisher = "AAAI", address = "Cambridge, MA", month = Nov, } @InProceedings{Haynes:1995:SAA, author = "Thomas D. Haynes and Roger L. Wainwright", title = "A Simulation of Adaptive Agents in a Hostile Environment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1995 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing", publisher = "ACM Press", year = "1995", pages = "318--323", } @InProceedings{Haynes:1995:STG, author = "Thomas Haynes and Roger Wainwright and Sandip Sen and Dale Schoenefeld", title = "Strongly typed genetic programming in evolving cooperation strategies", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms", editor = "Larry Eshelman", year = "1995", address = "San Francisco, CA", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.", pages = "271--278", } @InCollection{Haynes:1996:EBS, author = "Thomas Haynes and Sandip Sen", title = "Evolving Behavioral Strategies in Predators and Prey", editor = "Gerhard Wei{\ss} and Sandip Sen", booktitle = "Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = "Spring", publisher = "Springer Verlag", series = "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence", address = "Berlin", } @InProceedings{Haynes:1996:LCC, author = "Thomas Haynes and Kit Lau and Sandip Sen", title = "Learning Cases to Compliment Rules for Conflict Resolution in Multiagent Systems", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Book{Heal:1973:TEP, author = "G. M. Heal", title = "The Theory of Economic Planning", publisher = "American Elsevier", year = "1973", } @TechReport{Helly84:Distributed, author = "John Joseph {Helly, Jr.}", title = "A Distributed Expert System for Space Shuttle Flight Control", institution = "University of California Computer Science Department", address = "Los Angeles, California", number = "CSD-840038", year = "1984", } @Book{Henderson:1980:FPA, author = "Peter Henderson", title = "Functional Programming: {A}pplication and implementation", publisher = "Prentice-Hall International", year = "1980", } @Article{Hendler:1990:APS, author = "James Hendler and Austin Tate and Mark Drummond", title = "{AI} Planning : Systems and Techniques", journal = "AI Magazine", pages = "61--77", year = "1990", month = "Summer", volume = "11", number = "2", abstract = "Hendler : Univ. of Maryland, Tate : Univ. of Edinburgh, Drummond : NASA Ames Research Center. Summary of different planning techniques : blocks world, distributed planning, STRIPS.", } @InProceedings{Hendler:1990:AR, author = "James Hendler", title = "Abstraction and Reaction", booktitle = "Working Notes of the 1990 AAAI Spring Symposium on Planning", pages = "54--56", month = Mar, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Hendler:1990:MCP, author = "James Hendler and Ashok Agrawala", title = "Mission Critical Planning: {AI} on the {MARUTI} Real-Time Operating System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "77--84", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Henz:1993:OPL, author = "M. Henz and G. Smolka and J. W{\"{u}}rtz", title = "Oz---{A} Programming Language for Multi-Agent Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Chamb\'{e}ry, France", month = aug, pages = "404--409", } @TechReport{Hewitt:1976:VCS, author = "Carl Hewitt", title = "Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages", institution = "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", year = "1976", type = "Memo", number = "410", month = dec, } @Article{Hewitt:1977:LCP, author = "Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker", title = "Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes", journal = "Information Processing", year = "1977", } @Article{Hewitt:1977:VCS, author = "Carl Hewitt", title = "Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "323--364", month = "Fall", year = "1977", } @Article{Hewitt:1980:MPS, author = "Carl Hewitt and Bill Kornfeld", title = "Message Passing Semantics", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1980", number = "73", pages = "48", month = oct, } @InProceedings{Hewitt:1983:ARD, author = "Carl Hewitt and Peter de Jong", title = "Analyzing the Roles of Descriptions and Actions in Open Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Washington, D.C.", pages = "162--166", month = Aug, year = "1983", } @TechReport{Hewitt:1983:DIP, author = "Carl Hewitt and Henry Lieberman", title = "Design Issues in Parallel Architectures for Artificial Intelligence", institution = "MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", year = "1983", type = "Memo", number = "750", month = nov, } @InProceedings{Hewitt:1984:DIP, author = "Carl Hewitt and Henry Lieerman", title = "Design Issues in Parallel Architectures for Artificial Intelligence", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Computer Society International Conference", year = "1984", pages = "418--423", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = feb, } @Article{Hewitt:1985:COS, author = "Carl Hewitt", title = "The Challenge of Open Systems", journal = "Byte", volume = "10", number = "4", pages = "223--242", month = Apr, year = "1985", } @Article{Hewitt:1986:OOS, author = "Carl Hewitt", title = "Offices are Open Systems", journal = "{ACM} Transactions on Office Information Systems", volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "271--287", month = jul, year = "1986", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 321--330, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Hewitt:1991:DBB, author = "Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman", title = "{DAI} Betwixt and Between: {F}rom ``Intelligent Agents'' to Open Systems Science", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", pages = "1409--1419", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @Article{Hewitt:1991:OIS, author = "Carl Hewitt", title = "Open Information Systems Semantics for Distributed Artificial Intelligence", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", volume = "47", number = "1", pages = "79--106", } @TechReport{Hildum:1990:SDS, author = "David W. Hildum and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Solving Dynamic Sequencing Problems", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1990", number = "90--63", } @PhdThesis{Hildum:1994:FKB, author = "David W. Hildum", title = "Flexibility in a Knowledge-Based System for Solving Dynamic Resource-Constrained Scheduling Problems", school = "Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst", month = sep, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Hirayama:1995:FCB, title = "Forming Coalitions for Breaking Deadlocks", author = "Katsutoshi Hirayama and Jun'ichi Toyoda", pages = "155--162", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "When multiple agents solve their own problems while they interact with each other, it is helpful to form a coalition, which is a group of agents working together. Previous approach to coalition formation suggests to define the utility of coalitions and to use a strategy that agents form coalitions for getting higher utility. However, in some problems, the utility of coalitions is not easily obtainable because it might depend on uncertainty of other agents' problem solving. We describe a model of coalition formation where agents form coalitions for breaking deadlocks. In this model, agents solve distributed constraint satisfaction problem with an iterative repair method and form coalitions when they get stuck at local minima. This model is suggested to realize new approach to coalition formation. We also present experimental results on problem solving strategies in coalitions: the selfish and the altruistic.", } @Article{Ho:1980:TDTa, author = "Yu-chi Ho", title = "Team Decision Theory and Information Structures", journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE", volume = "68", number = "6", pages = "644--654", month = jun, year = "1980", } @Article{Ho:1980:TDTb, author = "Y.-C. Ho", title = "Team decsision theory and information structures", journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE", year = "1980", volume = "68", month = jun, } @Article{Hofstadter:1983:MTC, author = "Douglas R. Hofstadter", title = "Metamagical Themas: {C}omputer tournaments of the prisoner's dilemma suggest how cooperation evolves", journal = "Scientific American", year = "1983", } @Article{Hogg:1991:CCD, author = "Tad Hogg and Bernardo A. Huberman", title = "Controlling Chaos in Distributed Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", pages = "1325--1332", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Hogg:1995:SDC, author = "Tad Hogg", title = "Social Dilemmas in Computational Ecosystems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "711--716", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Holland:1996:MSL, author = "Owen Holland", title = "Multiagent systems: {L}essons from social insects and collective robotics.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Horvitz:1987:RAB, author = "Eric J. Horvitz", title = "Reasoning About Beliefs and Actions Under Computational Resource Constraints", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1987 Workshop on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Horvitz:1988:RUV, author = "Eric J. Horvitz", title = "Reasoning Under Varying and Uncertain Resource Constraints", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1988", month = aug, } @Article{Howard:1966:IVT, author = "R. A. Howard", title = "Information Value Theory", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1966", volume = "", number = "", pages = "22--27", month = aug, } @Article{Howard:1966:TM, author = "N. Howard", title = "The Theory of Metagames", journal = "General Systems", volume = "11", pages = "167--200", year = "1966", } @Article{Huber:1986:DMP, author = "G. Huber and R. McDaniel", title = "The decision making paradigm for organizational design", journal = "Management Science", year = "1986", pages = "572--589", } @InProceedings{Huber:1995:DWC, title = "Deciding when to commit to action during observation-based coordination", author = "Marcus J. Huber and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "163--170", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We have developed a multiagent scheme which utilizes plan recognition as its primary means of acquiring the information necessary to coordinate the activities of agents. Preliminary research has demonstrated that the plan recognition system developed makes coordination of multiple agents possible. An important issue that arises when observation is the primary means of information acquisition is the introduction of uncertainty into the coordination process. We have explored the issue of early versus late commitment to the uncertain information thus gained and the resulting tradeoff between time and effort as the commitment level is changed. Our results show that while in some situations it is worthwhile delaying commitment until uncertainty is reduced, in other situations it is important to act even when uncertainty is high. The long--term goal of the research is to develop the notion of coordination through observation, where agents utilize plan recognition to acquire coordination information.", } @Book{Huberman:1988:EC, author = "Bernardo Huberman", title = "The Ecology of Computation", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers/North Holland", address = "Amsterdam", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Huberman:1995:MSC, title = "A Multiagent System for Controlling Building Environments", author = "Bernardo A. Huberman and Scott H. Clearwater", pages = "171--176", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "A working solution to the problem of thermal resource distribution in a building is demonstrated using a market-based system. In this system computational agents representing individual temperature controllers bid to buy or sell cool or warm air. They do so via a double-blind computerized auction which is moderated by a central computer auctioneer. The auctioneer sees to it that no agent buys resources for more than its bid and no agent sells resources for less than its bid. The market system has been implemented and runs on a regular basis as part of a building energy management system. Results show that the thermal auction leads to an equitable temperature distribution throughout the area under its control without incurring any extra costs such as excessive actuator movement.", } @TechReport{Hudlicka:1984:DBD, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Diagnosing the Behavior of a Distributed Problem Solving System", number = "84-03", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = May, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Hudlicka:1984:DKB, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor Lesser", title = "Design of a Knowledge-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis System", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Hawaiian International Conference System Sciences", pages = "224--230", month = Jan, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Hudlicka:1984:MLC, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Meta-level Control Through Fault Detection and Diagnosis", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Austin, TX", pages = "153--161", month = Aug, year = "1984", } @Article{Hudlicka:1985:CUC, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Construction and Use of a Causal Model of a Problem-Solving System", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", number = "93", pages = "48--55", month = Jul, year = "1985", } @TechReport{Hudlicka:1986:DDD, author = "Eva Hudlicka and Victor R. Lesser and Jasmina Pavlin and Anil Rewari", title = "Design of a Distributed Diagnosis System", number = "86-63", month = dec, year = "1986", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, Massachusetts 01003", } @PhdThesis{Hudlicka:1986:DPS, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a", title = "Diagnosing Problem-Solving System Behavior", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1986", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 86-03, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, February 1986.)", } @TechReport{Hudlicka:1986:MRA, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Modeling and Reasoning about Problem-Solving System Behavior", number = "86-04", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Feb, year = "1986", } @Article{Hudlicka:1987:MDP, author = "Eva Hudlick\'a and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Modeling and Diagnosing Problem Solving System Behavior", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "17", number = "3", pages = "407--419", month = May, year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 490--502, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Hudson:1984:EDD, author = "Donna L. Hudson and Thelma Estrin", title = "{EMERGE} - {A} Data-Driven Medical Decision Making Aid", journal = "IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "PAMI-6", number = "1", month = jan, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Huff:1988:PBI, author = "K. E. Huff and V. R. Lesser", title = "A Plan-based Intelligent Assistant that Supports the Software Development Process", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third ACM Symposium on Software Development Environments", year = "1988", month = nov, address = "Boston, MA", } @Book{Huhns:1987:DAI, editor = "Michael Huhns", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Huhns:1987:DDR, author = "Michael N. Huhns and Uttam Mukhopadhyay and Larry M. Stephens and Ronald D. Bonnell", title = "{DAI} for Document Retrieval: {T}he {MINDS} Project", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "9", pages = "249--284", year = "1987", } @Article{Huhns:1991:MTM, author = "Michael N. Huhns and David M. Bridgeland", title = "Multiagent Truth Maintenance", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @Book{Huhns:1993:PIC, author = "Michael Huhns and M. P. Papazoglou and G. Schlageter", title = "Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", address = "Los Alamitos, CA", year = "1993", } @Article{Hummon:1990:OSN, author = "Norman P. Hummon", title = "Organizational Structures and Network Processes", journal = "Journal of Mathematical Sociology", volume = "15", number = "2", pages = "149--161", year = "1990", } @Unpublished{Humphrey:1992:PSB, author = "Marty A. Humphrey and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Parallel Scheduling Based on Abstract Task Models", note = "Working Paper, Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Laboratory", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Huntbach:1995:HAD, title = "How Agents Do It In Stream Logic Programming", author = "Matthew M Huntbach and Nick R Jennings and Graem A Ringwood", pages = "177--184", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The key factor that will determine the speed and depth to which multi-agent systems penetrate the commercial marketplace is the ease with which applications can be developed. One approach is to use general purpose languages to construct layers of agent level constructs. Object-oriented languages have been advocated as suitable for tackling the complexity of distributed systems. According to Gasser and Briot [1992], the key problem with the common forms of object based concurrent programming is the fixed boundaries they give to agents are too inflexible. They do not reflect either the theoretical positions emerging in DAI or the reality of multilevel aggregations of actions and knowledge. This paper advocates the use of a rather different type of object based concurrent language, stream logic programming (SLP) that does not have this drawback.", keywords = "Agent programming languages; integrated testbeds and development environments.", } @InProceedings{Hutchinson:1995:TAS, title = "Teaching an Agent to Speak and Listen with Understanding: {W}hy and How?", author = "William R. Hutchinson", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Ingrand:1990:MDR, author = "Francois Felix Ingrand and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "Managing Deliberation and Reasoning in Real-Time {AI} Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "284--291", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @Manual{Intellicorp:1987:KVR, author = "Intellicorp", title = "{KEE} {V3}.1 Reference Manual", year = "1987", } @Article{Irani:1988:MSP, author = "Keki B. Irani and Suk I. Yoo", title = "A Methodology for Solving Problems: Problem Modeling and Heuristic Generation", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "10", number = "5", pages = "676--686", month = sep, year = "1988", abstract = "This paper provides a methodology for modeling a problem and solving it using the A* algorithm.", } @Article{Irgon:1990:ESD, author = "Adam Irgon and Jean Zolnowski and Karen J Murray and Marvin Gersha", title = "Expert System Development - {A} Retrospective of Five Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "25--40", year = "1990", month = jun, volume = "5", number = "3", abstract = "Bellcore. A comparison of experiences in implementing five different expert systems. Each project is described along with the lessons learned in each project.", } @InProceedings{Irish:1986:DHS, author = "B. W. Irish and H. V. Parunak and P. W. Lozo and R. Judd", title = "A Distributed Heuristic Strategy for Material Transportation", booktitle = "Proceedings 1986 Conference on Intelligent Systems and Machines", address = "Rochester, Michigan", year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Ishida:1990:OAA, author = "Toru Ishida and Makoto Yokoo and Les Gasser", title = "An Organizational Approach to Adaptive Production Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "52--58", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Ishida:1992:TBTa, author = "T. Ishida", title = "The tower of Babel: Towards Organization-Centered problem solving", booktitle = "Proc. \ 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1992", month = feb, pages = "141--154", } @InProceedings{Ishida:1992:TBTb, author = "Toru Ishida", title = "Tower of {B}abel: Towards Organization-Centered Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", address = "The Homestead, Michigan", pages = "141--153", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Ishida:1995:PDM, title = "Parallel, Distributed and Multi--Agent Production Systems -- {A} Research Foundation for Distributed Artificial Intelligence", author = "Toru Ishida", pages = "416--422", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @InProceedings{Ishida:1995:TAB, title = "Two is not Always Better than One: Experiences in Real-Time Bidirectional Search", author = "Toru Ishida", pages = "185--192", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper investigates real-time bidirectional search (RTBS) algorithms, where two problem solving agents, starting from the initial and goal states, physically move toward each other. To evaluate the RTBS performance, two kinds of algorithms are proposed and are compared to real-time unidirectional search (RTUS). One is called centralized RTBS where a supervisor always selects the best action from all possible moves of the two problem solvers. The other is called decoupled RTBS where no supervisor exists and the two problem solvers independently select their next moves. Experiments on mazes and n-puzzles show that (1) in clear situations decoupled RTBS performs better, while in uncertain situations, centralized RTBS becomes more efficient, and that (2) RTBS is more efficient than RTUS for 15- and 24-puzzles but not for randomly generated mazes. It will be shown that the selection of the multi-agent organization is the selection of the problem space, which determines the baseline of the organizational efficiency; once a hard problem space is selected, the local coordination among problem solvers cannot overcome the deficit.", } @InProceedings{Isozaki:1995:RAB, title = "Reasoning about belief based on common knowledge of observability of actions", author = "Hideki Isozaki", pages = "193--200", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Sometimes we notice other people's mental states without direct communication and the guess influences our behavior. One's mental state depends on one's belief. However, reasoning about belief is very difficult because various factors affect belief and they often lead to inconsistency. This paper presents a simple algorithm to calculate multiagent nested belief >from an action sequence. The following three factors are essential in this algorithm: 1) the observability conditions of fluents and actions, 2) the direct\slash indirect effects of each action, and 3) the incompatibility of fluents. The algorithm performs backward reasoning from a query, and is implemented in Prolog. It has been tested by dozens of examples through a graphic interface. Experiments show the system gives plausible answers to various queries. This method will be useful in the construction of plan recognition systems and other advanced systems.", } @InProceedings{Ito:1995:ECS, title = "The Emergence of Cooperation in a Society of Autonomous Agents", author = "Akira Ito and Hiroyuki Yano", pages = "201--208", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The emergence of cooperation in a society of autonomous agents is investigated. Each agent is made to repetitively engage in a deal equivalent to the ``Prisoner's Dilemma'' game, each time changing the other party of the deal. The conditions of the deal are that the contract histories of all the agents are disclosed to the public. Several deal strategies are evaluated, and their behaviors are investigated by matching them under various conditions. Next the social evolution of deal strategies is investigated using genetic algorithm techniques. Each agent can bear a child according to the profit he gets through the deal. The child inherits the deal strategy of the parent, but the random mutation is introduced to the inheritance of strategies. It is shown that the robust and cooperative strategies emerges through the evolution starting from a simple ``Tit for Tat'' algorithms.", } @InProceedings{Itoh:1995:SOA, title = "Self Organizational Approach for Integration of Distributed Expert Systems", author = "Tatsuaki Itoh and Takashi Watanabe and Takahira Yamaguchi", pages = "209--216", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In development of ES, It is important to acquire knowledge from multiple human experts. Cooperative Distributed ES (CDES) is a framework which can unify multiple expertise to develop a large scaled ES. In CDES, ESs which are under building through acquiring knowledge from human experts as agents and task structure is learned by cooperation among agents based on extented Contract Net. At first, fundamental structure of CDES is provided. An experiment is made to evaluate the algorithm of Bid analyzer on the testbed of CDES. Then, self-reorganizational schemes are provided by changing agent's scope of domain knowledge, that is granularity, by themselves from two viewpoints of decomposing into fine grain and composing into coarse grain. Two experiments are made to learn subtask structure to change weight of cooperation among agents dynamically. Finally, we discuss the scheme which incorporate decomposition and composition of agents.", } @InProceedings{Jackobs:1973:RDB, author = "W. Jackobs and M. Kiefer", title = "Robot Decisions Based on Maximizing Utility", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "402--411", month = aug, year = "1973", } @Article{Jagannathan:1986:DAI, author = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence: {A}n Annotated Bibliography", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", number = "95", pages = "44--56", month = Jan, year = "1986", note = "(Also published as Chapter 12 of {\it Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Michael N. Huhns, editor, Pitman, 1987.)", } @TechReport{Jagannathan:1988:RCB, author = "V. Jagannathan", title = "Realizing the Concurrent Blackboard Model", number = "BCS-G2010-61", institution = "Boeing Advanced Technology Center", address = "P.O. Box 24346, MS 7L-64, Seattle, Washington 98124", month = Mar, year = "1988", } @InCollection{Jagannathan:1989:SDI, author = "M. Vaughan {Johnson, Jr.} and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Simultaneous, Dynamic Integration of Diverse Reasoning Methods", booktitle = "Blackboard Architectures and Applications", publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.", year = "1989", editor = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala and Lawrence S. Baum", pages = "57--73", } @Book{Jain:1991:ACS, author = "Raj Jain", title = "The art of computer systems performance analysis : techniques for experimental design, measurement, simulation, and modeling", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons, Inc.", year = "1991", address = "New York", abstract = "this is my (rick's) book that I bought in October 91 - I wish I'd had it long ago, it seems very good.", } @InProceedings{Jain:1995:TLF, title = "Team learning of formal languages", author = "Sanjay Jain and Arun Sharma", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @InCollection{Jarke:1988:MTN, author = "M. Jarke and M. T. Jelassi and M. F. Shakun", title = "{MEDIATOR}: Towards a Negotiation Support System", editor = "M. F. Shakun", booktitle = "Evolutionary Systems Design: Policy Making Under Complexity and Group Decision Support", publisher = "Holden-Day, Inc.", address = "Oakland, CA", year = "1988", } @Article{Jelinek:1975:DLS, author = "F. Jelinek and L. R. Bahl and R. L. Mercer", title = "Design of a Linguistic Statistical Decoder for the Recognition of Continuous Speech", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Information Theory", pages = "250--256", year = "1975", month = may, volume = "IT-21", number = "3", abstract = "Using a Markov Model [chain], a model for the recognition of sentences from a sequence of phonemes is created. Markov chains are developed to model the speech channel which can lose phonemes or produce extra ones, unlike the traditional analysis done of digital communication channels in information theory.", } @Article{Jenkins:1984:MM, author = "Tom Jenkins", title = "Meetings without Meeting", journal = "Working Woman", pages = "29--30", month = jan, year = "1984", } @Article{Jennings:1993:CCF, author = "Nick R. Jennings", title = "Commitments and Conventions: {T}he foundation of coordination in multi-agent systems", journal = "The Knowledge Engineering Review", volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "223--250", year = "1993", } @Article{Jennings:1995:CCP, author = "Nick Jennings", title = "Controlling Cooperative Problem Solving in Industrial Multi-Agent Systems using Joint Intentions", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", note = "to appear", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Jennings:1995:DIM, title = "Developing Industrial Multi--Agent Systems", author = "N. R. Jennings and J. M. Corera and I. Laresgotti", pages = "423--431", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @Article{Jennings:1995:UAD, author = "N. R. Jennings and J. M. Corera and L. Laresgoiti and E. H. Mamdani and F. Perriollat and P. Skarek and L. Z. Varga", title = "Using {ARCHON} to develop real-world {DAI} applications for electricity transportation management and particle accelerator control", journal = "{IEEE} Expert", year = "1995", note = "Special issue on real world applications of DAI systems.", } @Book{Johansen:1988:GCS, author = "R. Johansen", title = "Groupware: Computer Support for Business Teams", publisher = "Free Press", address = "New York, NY", year = "1988", } @Manual{Johnson:1987:GRM, author = "Philip M. Johnson and Kevin Q. Gallagher and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "{GBB} Reference Manual", organization = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", edition = "{GBB} {V}ersion 1.1", month = Dec, year = "1987", note = "(Published as Technical Report 87-120, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, December 1987.)", } @TechReport{Johnson:1987:IBS, author = "Philip M. Johnson and Daniel D. Corkill and Kevin Q. Gallagher", title = "Integrating {BB1}-Style Control into the {G}eneric {B}lackboard {S}ystem", number = "87-59", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Jun, year = "1987", note = "(Presented at the AAAI-87 Blackboard Workshop, Seattle, Washington, July 13, 1987.)", } @InProceedings{Jones:1979:TFD, author = "Anita K. Jones and Karsten Schwans", title = "{TASK} Forces: {D}istributed Software for Solving Problems of Substantial Size", booktitle = "4th International Conference on Software Engineering", address = "Munich, Germany", pages = "315--330", month = Sep, year = "1979", } @InProceedings{Joshi:1995:LL, author = "Anupam Joshi", title = "To Learn or Not to Learn", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "38--42", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Multiagent systems in which agents interact with each other are now being proposed as a solution to many problems which can be grouped together under the ``distributed problem solving'' umbrella. For such systems to work properly, it is necessary that agents learn from their environment and adapt their behaviour accordingly. In this paper we present a system which uses a combination of neuro--fuzzy learning and static adaptation to coordinate the activity of multiple agents. An epistemic utility based formulation is used to automatically generate the exemplars for learning, making the process unsupervised. The system has been developed in the context of a scientific computing scenario.", } @InProceedings{Kabanza:1995:SMP, title = "Synchronizing Multiagent Plans using Temporal Logic Specifications", author = "Froduald Kabanza", pages = "217--224", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Plan synchronization is a method of analyzing multiagent plans, in order to introduce ordering constraints between them so that their concurrent execution achieve a desired goal. We describe a plan synchronization method for goals expressed using temporal logic specifications. Our goals can involve both qualitative and quantitative time requirements. The key to our method is a technique for checking goal formulas, incrementally, over models of concurrent executions of plans. Our approach covers more general problems than comparable methods and promises an easy integration with standard AI planning search control and heuristic strategies.", keywords = "multiagent planning, coordination", } @Article{Kadane:1982:SPT, author = "J. B. Kadane and P. D. Larkey", title = "Subjective Probability and the Theory of Games", journal = "Management Science", year = "1982", volume = "28", number = "2", month = feb, pages = "113--120", } @InProceedings{Kadia:1992:IEB, author = "R. Kadia", title = "Issues Encountered in Building a Flexible Software Development Environment: Lessons from the {Arcadia} Project", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on Software Development Environments (SDE5)", year = "1992", address = "Tyson's Corner, VA", month = Dec, pages = "169--180", note = "", } @InProceedings{Kahn:1978:APR, author = "R. E. Kahn and S. A. Gronemeyer and J. Burchfiel and R. C. Kunzelman.", title = "Advances in Packet Radio Technology", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE", month = Nov, year = "1978", pages = "1468--1496", } @InProceedings{Kambhampati:1991:CSR, title = "Combining Specialized Reasoners and General Purpose Planners: {A} Case Study", author = "Subbarao Kambhampati and Mark Cutkosky and Marty Tenenbaum and Soo Hung Lee", pages = "199--205", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Kanazawa:1989:MPA, author = "Keiji Kanazawa and Thomas Dean", title = "A Model for Projection and Action", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "985--990", year = "1989", month = aug, } @Book{Kast:1974:OM, author = "F. E. Kast and J. E. Rosenzweig", title = "Organization and Management", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", edition = "Second", year = "1974", } @InCollection{Katz:1989:PMA, author = "Matthew J. Katz and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Plans for Multiple Agents", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Kautz:1990:CTP, author = "H. Kautz", title = "A Circumscriptive Theory of Plan Recognition", booktitle = "Intentions in Communication", pages = "105--133", editor = "Cohen {\em et al.}", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Kautz:1994:EDS, title = "An Experiment in the Design of Software Agents", author = "Henry Kautz and Bart Selman and Michael Coen and Steven Ketchpel and Chris Ramming", pages = "438--443", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @Article{Kelley:1982:HPP, author = "J. F. Kelley and A. Chapanis", title = "How Professional Persons Keep Their Calendars: {I}mplications for Computerization", journal = "Journal of Occupational Psychology", volume = "55", pages = "141--156", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Kendall:1995:MDA, title = "A Methodology for Developing Agent Based Systems", author = "E. A. Kendall and M. T. Malkoun and C. H. Jiang", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InCollection{Kephart:1989:DCE, author = "J. O. Kephart and T. Hogg and B. A. Huberman", title = "Dynamics of Computational Ecosystems: {I}mplications for {DAI}", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Michael N. Huhns and Les Gasser", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @Book{Kernighan:1978:CPL, author = "Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie", title = "The {C} Programming Language", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1978", } @Article{Kersten:1985:NGD, author = "G. E. Kersten", title = "{NEGO} - Group Decision Support System", journal = "Information and Management", year = "1985", volume = "8", pages = "237--246", } @Article{Kersten:1986:GAM, author = "G. E. Kersten and T. Szapiro", title = "Generalized Approach to Modelling Negotiations", journal = "European Journal of Operational Research", volume = "26", year = "1986", pages = "142--149", } @InProceedings{Ketchpel:1994:FCF, title = "Forming Coalitions in the Face of Uncertain Rewards", author = "Steven Ketchpel", pages = "414--419", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Key:1987:CPP, author = "Charles Key", title = "Cooperative Planning in the Pilot's Associate", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Knowledge-Based Planning Workshop", year = "1987", pages = "13.1--13.10", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Khedro:1994:PNR, title = "Progressive Negotiation for Resolving Conflicts amoung Distributed Heterogeneous Cooperating Agents", author = "Taha Khedro and Michael R. Genesereth", pages = "381--386", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Khosla:1995:DSS, title = "Distributed Symbolic-Subsymbolic Agent Architecture for Configuring Power Network Faults", author = "R. Khosla and T. Dillon", pages = "451", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Firstly, the paper outlines a set of generic tasks and the composition of symbolic and sub-symbolic methods to accomplish these tasks in data intensive domains in general and diagnostic domains in particular. These generic tasks and methods are defined within five phases (preprocessing, decomposition, control, decision, and postprocessing) of a Generic Integrated Information Processing Architecture symbolic and sub-symbolic (connectionist) systems. The information processing architecture has been based on pragmatic issues like real time, conscious and unconscious/automated behavior, learning, reliability, generalization, incorrect/incomplete information and others. Secondly, based on task, method and phase abstraction of the information processing architecture, a distributed heterogenous computational architecture of symbolic and sub-symbolic agents is developed. Issues associated with computational architecture like communication, parallelism, learning, and others are then discussed. The architecture has been applied in building a real time alrm processing system in a power system control centre with encouraging performance results. About 60 rules and 20 artificial neural networks have been used in alarm processing system.", } @Book{Khuri:1987:RSD, author = "Andr\'{e} I. Khuri and John A. Cornell", title = "Response Surfaces: Designs and Analyses", publisher = "Marcel Dekker", year = "1987", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Kick:1995:AAF, title = "An agent algebra for the formal description and verification of multi-agent systems", author = "Alexander Kick", pages = "452", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Multi-agent systems (MAS) are usually complicated and therefore error-prone. Especially the fact that there is a lot of interaction between agents can cause serious errors. In this paper we present an agent algebra which allows the formal description of MAS but also the verification of properties (safety and progress properties) of MAS. This can help the designer to become clear about the design and the correctness of the implementation. Our agent algebra can thus aid in making MAS suitable for control of safety critical systems such as flight control. Our agent algebra, whose terms, structured operational semantics and laws are described in this paper, focuses on interaction of agents. Thus, our agent algebra is especially suited for the description of cooperation and conflict (which is a major concern in MAS) among agents.", } @Article{Kilmer:1969:MVC, author = "W. L. Kilmer and W. S. McCulloch and J. Blum", title = "A Model of the Vertebrate Central Command System", journal = "International Journal of Man-Machine Studies", volume = "1", number = "3", pages = "279--309", month = Jul, year = "1969", } @Article{Kim:1987:DIP, author = "Jin H. Kim", title = "Distributed inference for plausible classification", journal = "Pattern Recognition Letters", volume = "5", pages = "195--201", month = mar, year = "1987", abstract = "Computer Science Dept, Korea Advanced Inst. of Science and Technology", } @Article{Kimbleton:1975:CCN, author = "S. R. Kimbleton and G. M. Schneider", title = "Computer Communication Networks: {A}pproaches, objectives, and performance considerations", journal = "Computing Surveys", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "129--173", month = Sep, year = "1975", } @Article{Kincaid:1985:ECO, author = "C. Kincaid and P. Dupont and A. Kaye", title = "Electronic Calendars in the Office: {A}n Assessment of User Needs and Current Technology", journal = "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems", volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "89--102", month = Jan, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Kinny:1991:CES, author = "D. N. Kinny and M. P. Georgeff", title = "Commitment and Effectiveness of Situated Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", pages = "82--88", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, } @InProceedings{Kinny:1996:MMT, title = "A Methodology and Modelling Technique for Systems of {BDI} Agents", author = "David Kinny and Michael Georgeff and Anand Rao", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Kinoshita:1995:ABF, title = "Agent-based Framework for Developing Distributed Systems", author = "Tetsuo Kinoshita and Kenji Sugawara and Norio Shiratori", notes = "(Additional Papers, position paper)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Kise:1978:SCO, author = "H. Kise", title = "A Solvable Case of the One-machine Scheduling Problem with Ready and Due Times", journal = "Operations Research", volume = "26", number = "1", year = "1978", } @InProceedings{Kittock:1994:ILA, title = "The Impact of Locality and Authority on Emergent Conventions: {I}nitial Observations", author = "James E. Kittock", pages = "420--425", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Klahr:1980:KBS, author = "Philip Klahr and William S. Faught", title = "Knowledge-based Simulation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "181--183", month = Aug, year = "1980", } @Article{Kleer:1987:DMF, author = "Johan de Kleer and Brian C. Williams", title = "Diagnosing Multiple Faults", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "32", pages = "97--130", year = "1987", } @Book{Kleijnen:1987:STS, author = "Jack P. C. Kleijnen", title = "Statistical Tools for Simulation Practitioners", publisher = "Marcel Dekker", year = "1987", address = "New York", } @PhdThesis{Klein:1990:CRC, author = "Mark Klein", title = "Conflict Resolution in Cooperative Design", school = "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", month = Jan, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Klein:1990:SCR, author = "Mark Klein", title = "Supporting Conflict Resolution in Cooperative Design Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @Article{Klein:1991:SCR, author = "Mark Klein", title = "Supporting Conflict Resolution in Cooperative Design Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InCollection{Klemba:1989:OAM, author = "Keith S. Klemba", title = "{OpenView}'s Architectural Models", booktitle = "Integrated Network Management {I}", editor = "Branislav Meandzija and Jil Westcott", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers/North Holland", address = "New York", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Klusch:1995:CBC, title = "Coalition-based cooperation between intelligent agents", author = "Matthias Klusch", pages = "453", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "A novel approach towards the recognition of interdatabase dependencies (IDD) using a federative agent system FCSI is presented. The architecture of the FCSI is designed as a system of cooperative intelligent autonomous agents each of them uniquely assigned to one local database system. The {\em FCSI aims for a cooperative solution for the problem of finding semantically related information while strictly respecting the autonomy requirements of each individual database system.} For this purpose first a {\em descriptive, terminological meta-knowledge and domain information representation {\sf DIT} on top of the local conceptual database schema} is built at each agent by using user-specified {\em intentional scripts}. In addition, a respectively instantiated actual aspect world {\sf W} enables a more flexible representation of {\em schema object aspects}. According to a prior known set of common terminological primitives {\sf cpc} of respective local {\sf DIT}s remote {\em terminological classification} then serves as a basis for the {\em discovery of intentional IDD}s ({\sf i-IDD}) between objects of different schemas with respect to some or all of their sofar related intentional interpretation aspects. Projections on respective associated {\em aspect valuations at schema and state level} {\sf isp}s determine {\em context-based data sharing} and result in restricted proposals for {\em interdatabase schema assertions} ({\sf IDSA}).\\ In order to organize a {\em cooperative recognition process} of {\sf i-IDD}s between the autonomous FCSI agents a method for decentralized {\em utilitaristic coalition formation} is presented. Moreover, each rational FCSI agent can participate in several different coalitions based on different types of coalition utilities. In this paper the current status of ongoing research on the FCSI is reported.", keywords = "Interdatabase dependencies, Terminological reasoning, Coalition formation, Multiagent cooperative reasoning from distributed heterogeneous databases", } @InProceedings{Klusch:1996:CFA, title = "Coalition Formation Among Rational Information Agents", author = "Matthias Klusch and Onn Shehory", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Knoblock:1991:SRH, author = "Craig A. Knoblock", title = "Search Reduction in Hierarchical Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Knoll:1995:HLC, title = "Hierarchical and Lateral Coordination in {MAS} : An analysis of Message Traffic Flow", author = "Alois Knoll and J. Meinkoehn", pages = "225--232", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The general goal of using multi agent networks for complex problem solving is the maximisation of the quality of the result to be obtained at minimum cost. Both the general granularity of the agent society and the competence assigned to each individual agent determine the information flow in the network. The great number of parameters involved make it difficult for the designer to optimally adapt the structure of the network to a given class of tasks. In this paper we outline possible network structures and present an approach for determining a number of important statistical parameters characterising the network at a relatively abstract level. The abstraction enables a comparison of different network structures. The methods for the analysis may, however, be readily refined to evaluate a specific problem. As an example we discuss the use of the multi-agent paradigm for structuring the cooperation of sensor networks in robotics. Our analysis is supple-mented by simulation results, which prove a superiority of lateral over pure hierarchical coordination, particularly under severe environmental conditions, such as agent failure.", } @Article{Kohler:1981:STS, author = "Walter H. Kohler", title = "A Survey of Techniques for Synchronization and Recovery in Decentralized Computer Systems", journal = "Computing Surveys", volume = "13", number = "2", pages = "149--183", month = Jun, year = "1981", } @Book{Kohler:1982:IMT, author = "Heinz Kohler", title = "Intermediate Microeconmonics Theory and Applications", publisher = "Scott, Foresman and Company", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Kolb:1995:CL, title = "A Cooperation Language", author = "Michael Kolb", pages = "233--238", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper introduces CooL, a programming language for building cooperative applications. It combines the expressiveness of a high-level AOP-language with the efficiency required by industrial applications. It integrates the support for planning and scheduling with efficient execution on the single agent as well as multi-agent levels (cooperation). CooL's knowledge representation and execu- tion facilities are introduced, yielding the mechanisms that allow for easy programming of cooperations on the basis of cooperation primitives with a formal semantics.", keywords = "Integrated Testbeds and Development Environments, Cooperation, Coordination and Conflict, Multi-Agent Languages", } @Book{Kolodner:1988:PWC, editor = "Janet L. Kolodner", title = "Proceedings of a Workshop on Case--Based Reasoning ({DARPA})", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", year = "1988", adress = "San Mateo, CA", } @Book{Kolodner:1993:CBR, author = "Janet L. Kolodner", title = "Case--Based Reasoning", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Konolige:1980:MAP, author = "K. Konolige and N. J. Nilsson", title = "Multiple-Agent Planning Systems", organization = "AAAI", booktitle = "Proceedings of AAAI-80", address = "Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.", year = "1980", pages = "138--142", } @InProceedings{Konolige:1982:CI, author = "Kurt Konolige", title = "Circumscriptive Ignorance", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", pages = "202--204", month = Aug, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Konolige:1983:DMB, author = "Kurt Konolige", title = "A Deductive Model of Belief", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany", pages = "377--381", month = Aug, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Konolige:1984:DMB, author = "K. Konolige", title = "A Deductive Model of Belief", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1984", pages = "377--381", month = aug, } @Book{Konolige:1986:DMB, author = "K. Konolige", title = "A Deduction Model of Belief", publisher = "Pitman Publishers/Morgan Kaufman Publishers", address = "San Mateo, CA.", year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Konolige:1989:APA, author = "Kurt Konolige and Martha E. Pollack", title = "Ascribing Plans to Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = aug, pages = "924--930", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Korf:1989:MAD, author = "Richard E. Korf", title = "Multi-Agent Decision Trees", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1989 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Sep, pages = "293--306", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Korf:1992:SSP, author = "Richard E. Korf", title = "A Simple Solution to Pursuit Games", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "183--194", month = feb, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Kornfeld:1979:EPP, author = "William A. Kornfeld", title = "{ETHER}: {A} parallel problem solving system", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "490--492", month = Aug, year = "1979", } @Article{Kornfeld:1981:SCM, author = "William A. Kornfeld and Carl E. Hewitt", title = "The Scientific Community Metaphor", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "24--33", month = Jan, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 311--320, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Book{Korth:1991:DSC, author = "Henry F. Korth and Abraham Silberschatz", title = "Database System Concepts", publisher = "McGraw Hill", address = "New York, NY", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Koven:1990:EGP, author = "C. De Koven and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "An Experiment in Group Problem Solving", booktitle = "Multi-User Interfaces and Applications, Greece", month = sep, year = "1990", note = "", abstract = "", } @MastersThesis{Koven:1992:EAC, author = "C. De Koven", title = "An Experiment in Automating Case-Based Knowledge Acquisition", school = "Concordia University", year = "1992", abstract = "", } @InCollection{Koza:1994:EEC, author = "John R. Koza", title = "Evolution of emergent cooperative behavior using genetic programming", booktitle = "Computing with Biological Metaphors", publisher = "Chapman \& Hall", year = "1994", editor = "Ray Paton", pages = "280--297", address = "London, UK", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming", size = "pages", } @InProceedings{Kraus:1991:FTC, author = "Sarit Kraus and Jonathan Wilkenfeld", title = "The Function of Time in Cooperative Negotiations", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "179--184", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @Article{Kraus:1991:NNC, author = "Sarit Kraus and Eithan Ephrati and Daniel Lehmann", title = "Negotiation in a non-cooperative environment", journal = "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence", volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "255--282", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Kraus:1991:NTM, author = "Sarit Kraus and Jonathan Wilkenfeld", title = "Negotiations over time in a multi agent environment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "56--61", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Kraus:1993:ACT, author = "Sarit Kraus", title = "Agents contracting tasks in non-collaborative environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "243--248", year = "1993", } @TechReport{Kraus:1993:MNU, author = "Sarit Kraus and John Wilkenfeld", title = "Multiagent negotiation under time constraints", number = "CS 2649", institution = "Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park", year = "1993", } @Book{Krebs:1993:IBE, title = "An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology", author = "J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies", publisher = "Blackwell Scientific Publications", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Kreifelts:1990:NFA, author = "Thomas Kreifelts and Frank v. Martial", title = "A Negotiation Framework for Autonomous Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Modeling Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Worlds", address = "Paris, France", month = Aug, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Krogh:1996:RWA, title = "The right way to analyse agents", author = "C. Krogh", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Kuaokka:1994:CPD, title = "A Collaborative Parametric Design Agent", author = "Daniel Kuaokka and Brian Livezey", pages = "387--393", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Kumar:1995:IIR, title = "Internet Information Resource Discovery Tools: {C}urrent and Future Trends", author = "Ram Kumar", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Kunz:1993:MEO, author = "J. C. Kunz and G. P. Cohen and R. E. Levitt", title = "Modeling Effects of Organizational Structure and Communication Tools on Design Team Productivity", booktitle = "AI and theories of groups \& organizations: Conceptual and Empirical Research", year = "1993", organization = "AAAI Workshop", editor = "Michael Prietula", note = "Working Notes", } @InProceedings{Kuokka:1995:MIA, author = "Daniel Kuokka and Larry Harada", title = "Matchmaking for Information Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "672--678", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Kuokka:1995:UKM, title = "On using {KQML} for Matchmaking", author = "Daniel Kuokka and Larry Harada", pages = "239--245", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "As agents see more use as entry points to increasingly complex distributed information networks, agent communication technologies such as the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language and the SHADE Matchmaker will play an important role. We describe our experiences with these technologies as applied to two applications: collaborative engineering and satellite image retrieval. Based on these experiences, we outline the major observed benefits of KQML and matchmaking. In addition, we discuss several problematic issues and potential solutions, including representational challenges in advertising complex databases, the need for persistent requests in information brokering, the dilemma between explicit vs. implicit brokering, problems in error recovery and response timing, consistency among information providers, and efficiency.", keywords = "Communication issues, Intelligent agents in enterprise integration systems", } @InProceedings{Kurihara:1995:SOB, title = "Self-Organization based on Coordinated Actions of Autonomous Agents", author = "Satoshi Kurihara and Michio Okada", pages = "454", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper shows a study on a mechanism for self-organization. A global order is organized by simple and locally coordinated actions of autonomous agents using only very local information, and not by their complex and globally coordinated actions which would use global message passing and high level strategies. The fundamental factors for establishing the global order by self-organization are ``dissipative structure'' and ``self-catalysis mechanism.'' If an environment where agents exist has a dissipative structure and those agents have some sort of self-catalysis mechanisms within themselves, it is possible to form a global order of agents by their simple and locally coordinated actions. ``The blind-hunger's dilemma'' is used as an example to simulate the self-organiza\-tion and coordinated actions of agents and to show the validity of our approach.", } @InProceedings{Kurose:1985:MAO, author = "J. F. Kurose and M. Schwartz and Y. Yemini", title = "A Microeconomic Approach to Optimization of Channel Access Policies in Multiaccess Networks", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Distributed Computing Systems", pages = "70--80", month = May, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Kuwabara:1989:EPM, author = "K. Kuwabara and V. R. Lesser", title = "Extended Protocol for Multi-stage Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1989", month = sep, } @InProceedings{Kuwabara:1995:ACP, title = "AgenTalk: Coordination Protocol Description for Multiagent Systems", author = "Kazuhiro Kuwabara and Toru Ishida and Nobuyasu Osato", pages = "455", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper presents a language called AgenTalk for describing coordination protocols for multiagent systems. Many coordination protocols such as the contract net protocol have been proposed, and many application-specific coordination protocols are expected to be required soon as more software agents start to be built. However, no general framework has yet been proposed for defining and implementing such coordination protocols. AgenTalk is designed to solve this problem; it allows coordination protocols to be defined incrementally and to be easily customized to suit application domains by incorporating an inheritance mechanism. This paper describes the design policies of AgenTalk and demonstrates its capability by describing the contract net protocol and the multistage negotiation protocol in AgenTalk utilizing its inheritance mechanism. A comparison is made with KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language), and the relationships with related research in distributed artificial intelligence are discussed.", } @InProceedings{Lacoss:1978:SDD, author = "R. Lacoss and R. Walton", title = "Strawman Design of a {DSN} to Detect and Track Low Flying Aircraft", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop", pages = "41--52", year = "1978", note = "Published by the Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania", } @Article{Laffey:1988:RTK, author = "Thomas J. Laffey and Preston A. Cox and James L. Schmidt and Simon M. Kao and Jackson Y. Read", title = "Real-Time Knowledge-Based Systems", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "27--45", month = "Spring", year = "1988", } @Book{Laird:1986:USC, author = "John Laird and Paul Rosenbloom and Allen Newell", title = "Universal Subgoaling and Chunking: The automatic generation and learning of goal hierarchies", publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers", year = "1986", } @Article{Laird:1987:SAG, author = "John E. Laird and Allen Newell and Paul S. Rosenbloom", title = "{SOAR}: {A}n Architecture for General Intelligence", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "1--64", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Laird:1995:MCD, title = "Multiagent Coordination in Distributed Interactive Battlefield Simulations", author = "John E. Laird and Randolph M. Jones and Paul E. Nielsen", pages = "456", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The fielding of large numbers of autonomous computer-generated forces requires that these forces be able to coordinate their behaviors. TacAir-Soar represents a data point where individual fighter planes must fly together in sections with support from ground, surface, and air-based controllers. In this paper we analyze the types of coordinated behavior required to make TacAir-Soar a realistic model of human behavior, the methods that our agents employ to coordinate their behavior, and finally, the constraints coordination places on the design of computer-generated forces.", keywords = "Coordination, Practical Applications of Multiagent systems", } @Book{Lampson:1981:DSA, editor = "B. W. Lampson and M. Paul and H. J. Siegert", title = "Distributed Systems Architecture and Implementation", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", year = "1981", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Lancaster:1988:VLP, author = "J. Lancaster and J. L Kolodner", title = "Varieties of Learning from Problem Solving Experience", organization = "The Cognitive Science Society", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", address = "Montreal, Canada", year = "1988", pages = "447--453", } @InProceedings{Lander:1988:NAC, author = "Susan Lander and Victor Lesser", title = "Negotiation Among Cooperating Experts", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1988 Distributed AI Workshop", month = May, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Lander:1989:FIC, author = "Susan Lander and Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Framework for the Integration of Cooperative Knowledge-based Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control", year = "1989", month = sep, pages = "472--477", } @InCollection{Lander:1991:KBC, author = "Susan E. Lander and Victor R. Lesser and Margaret E. Connell", title = "Knowledge-Based Conflict Resolution for Cooperation among Expert Agents", booktitle = "Computer-Aided Cooperative Product Development", editor = "D. Sriram and R. Logher and S. Fukuda", publisher = "Springer Verlag", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Lander:1992:NSO, author = "S. Lander and V. R. Lesser", title = "Negotiated Search: Organizing Cooperative Search Among Heterogeneous Expert Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Manufacturing and Robotics", year = "1992", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Lander:1994:ISA, author = "Susan E. Lander and Victor R. Lesser and M. V. Nagendra Prasad", title = "Information Sharing among Heterogeneous Reusable Agents in Cooperative Distributed Search", booktitle = "13th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI-94)", address = "Seattle, WA", month = jul, year = "1994", } @TechReport{Lansky:1985:BSP, author = "Amy L. Lansky", title = "Behavioral Specification and Planning for Multiagent Domains", number = "360", institution = "SRI International, Menlo Park CA", year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Lansky:1987:LRP, author = "Amy L. Lansky and Dan Fogelsong", title = "Localized Representation and Planning Methods for Parallel Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, WA", pages = "240--245", month = Aug, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Lansky:1990:LSC, author = "Amy L. Lansky", title = "Localized Search for Controlling Automated Reasoning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control", year = "1990", address = "San Diego", month = nov, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "115--125", } @InProceedings{Lanzola:1996:CAI, title = "Cooperating Agents Implementing Distributed Patient Management", author = "Giordano Lanzola and Sabina Falasconi and Mario Stefanelli", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Book{Larson:1978:PDP, author = "Robert Edwa Larson", title = "Principles of Dynamic Programming", publisher = "M. Dekker", year = "1978", address = "New York", note = "pts 1 and 2", call_number = "T57.83 L37", } @InProceedings{Lashkari:1994:CIA, title = "Collaborative Interface Agents", author = "Yezdi Lashkari and Max Metral and Pattie Maes", pages = "444--449", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @Book{Latour:1987:SA, author = "Bruno Latour", title = "Science in Action", publisher = "Harvard University Press", year = "1987", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @Article{Laughlin:1988:CIG, author = "P. R. Laughlin", title = "Collective induction: Group performance, social combination processes and mutual majority and minority influences", journal = "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", year = "1988", volume = "54", pages = "254--267", } @Book{Lawrence:1967:OE, author = "Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch", title = "Organization and Environment", publisher = "Harvard University Press", year = "1967", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @TechReport{Lawrence:1967:OEM, author = "P. R. Lawrence and J. W. Lorsch", title = "Organization and Environment: {M}anaging differentiation and integration", organization = "Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Harvard University", year = "1967", } @InProceedings{LeBlanc:1982:DPL, author = "Richard J. LeBlanc and Arthur B. Maccabe", title = "The Design of a Programming Language Based on Connectivity Networks", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems", address = "Miami/Ft. Lauderdale, Florida", pages = "532--541", month = Oct, year = "1982", } @TechReport{LeBlanc:1986:SMVa, author = "Thomas J. LeBlanc", title = "Shared Memory Versus Message-Passing in a Tightly-Coupled Multiprocessor: {A} Case Study", institution = "University of Rochester Computer Science Department", number = "3", month = Jan, year = "1986", } @TechReport{LeBlanc:1986:SMVb, author = "Thomas J. LeBlanc", title = "Shared Memory Versus Massage-Passing in a Tightly-Coupled Multiprocessor: {A} Case Study", institution = "University of Rochester Computer Science Department", year = "1986", number = "Butterfly Project Report 3", month = jan, } @InProceedings{Lee:1988:HCG, author = "J. Lee and T. W. Malone", title = "How can groups communicate when they use different languages?", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference of Office Information Systems", address = "Palo Alto, CA.", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Lee:1995:MAI, title = "A Microeconomic Approach to Intelligent Resource Sharing in Multiagent Systems", author = "Jaeho Lee and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "457", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We have analyzed characteristics of sharable resources and developed techniques for intelligently sharing resources --- specifically, communication channels --- among agents in multiagent systems. Our techniques allow agents to nearly optimize their communication behavior in a self-organizing and distributed fashion, involving the use of a microeconomic pricing system based on economic laws of supply and demand and trading among agents in real-time. Our analyses are based on three measures of performance: fairness of resource allocation, waiting time for resources, and utilization of resources. Our initial analysis indicates that fairness and utilization are conflicting, in that the best utilization with a fair allocation is equivalent to the worst utilization with an unfair resource allocation, assuming the allocation policy is statically defined. To strike a balance in performance, we have developed mechanisms that establish an artificial economy, where agents can dynamically reallocate goods (resource access) using a competitive market pricing mechanism. However, unlike more common market-oriented methods, our approach does not demand convergence to equilibrium, but permits more rapid, heuristic trading, leading to near optimal performance where both buyers and sellers of resources can benefit. Our studies show that agents employing our mechanisms can dramatically improve utilization while still providing ``fair'' access to the resources.", } @InCollection{Lefkowitz:1990:KAK, author = "L. L. Lefkowitz and V. R. Lesser", title = "Knowledge Acquisition as Knowledge Assimilation", booktitle = "Machine Learning and Uncertain Reasoning Vol. 3", year = "1990", editor = "B. Gaines and J. Boose", pages = "37--48", } @Article{Leinweber:1987:ESS, author = "David Leinweber", title = "Expert Systems in Space", journal = "IEEE Expert", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "26--36", month = "Spring", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Lenat:1975:BKI, author = "Douglas B. Lenat", title = "Beings: {K}nowledge as Interacting Experts", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "126--133", month = Aug, year = "1975", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 161--168, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Lenzmann:1995:UAI, author = "Britta Lenzmann and Ipke Wachsmuth", title = "A User-Adaptive Interface Agency for Interaction with a Virtual Environment", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "43--46", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "This paper describes an approach to user adaptation realized in a multiagent interface system for interaction with a virtual environment. Single agents of the interface system adapt to users' individual preferences by learning from direct feedback. The core idea is that agents that were successful in meeting the user's expectations are given credit while unsuccessful agents are ``discredited.'' Communicating credit values, agents organize themselves so that the overall behavior of the interface agency gradually adapts to the individual user as the session is proceeding.", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1974:OHI, author = "V. S. Lesser and R. D. Fennell and L. D. Erman and D. R. Reddy", title = "Organization of the Hearsay {II} Speech Understanding Systems", booktitle = "Proc. IEEE Symp. Speech Recognition, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA", month = Apr, year = "1974", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1977:RVH, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Lee D. Erman", title = "A Retrospective View of the {H}earsay-{II} Architecture", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "790--800", month = Aug, year = "1977", } @TechReport{Lesser:1978:CDP, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving: {A} new approach for structuring distributed systems", number = "78-7", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = May, year = "1978", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1978:FAC, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Functionally-Accurate, Cooperative Distributed Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop", address = "Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania", pages = "21--26", month = Dec, year = "1978", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1979:AAI, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "The Application of {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence Techniques to Cooperative Distributed Processing", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "537--540", month = Aug, year = "1979", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1979:PPO, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel Serrain and Jeff Bonar", title = "{PCL:} {A} Process-Oriented Job Control Lanuage", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems", pages = "315--329", year = "1979", } @Article{Lesser:1980:CDP, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving and Organizational Self-design", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", pages = "46", month = Oct, year = "1980", note = "(Part of the ``Report on the Workshop on Distributed AI'')", } @Article{Lesser:1980:DIMa, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Lee D. Erman", title = "Distributed Interpretation: {A} Model and Experiment", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-29", number = "12", pages = "1144--1163", month = Dec, year = "1980", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 120--139, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", abstract = "Univ. of Massachusetts. A preliminary description of the class of problems handled by DVMT testbed.", } @Article{Lesser:1980:DIMb, author = "V. R. Lesser and L. D. Erman", title = "Distributed Interpretation: {A} Model and an Experiment", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-29", number = "12", pages = "1144--1163", month = dec, year = "1980", } @Article{Lesser:1980:MPS, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "Models of Problem-Solving", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", number = "73", pages = "51", month = Oct, year = "1980", note = "(Part of the ``Report on the Workshop on Distributed AI'')", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1980:QSB, author = "V. R. Lesser and S. Reed and J. Pavlin", title = "Quantifying and Simulating the Behavior of Knowledge-Based Interpretation Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "111--115", month = Aug, year = "1980", } @Article{Lesser:1981:FAC, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Functionally Accurate, Cooperative Distributed Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "81--96", month = Jan, year = "1981", abstract = "Systems where the individual agent must operate with a degree of uncertainty and are allowed to produce incorrect and incomplete results.", } @TechReport{Lesser:1981:HLS, author = "Victor Lesser and Daniel Corkill and Jasmina Pavlin and Larry Lefkowitz and Eva Hudlick\'a and Richard Brooks and Scott Reed", title = "A High-level Simulation Testbed for Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", number = "81-16", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Jun, year = "1981", note = "(Revised and shortened versions of this report appeared in {\it Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Networks Workshop}, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, pages 247--270, January 1982, and in {\it Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Distributed Computer Systems}, pages 341--349, October 1982.)", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1982:HLS, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill and Jasmina Pavlin and Larry Lefkowitz and Eva Hudlick\'a and Richard Brooks and Scott Reed", title = "A High-level Simulation Testbed for Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems", year = "1982", pages = "341--349", month = oct, } @Article{Lesser:1983:DVMa, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "The {D}istributed {V}ehicle {M}onitoring {T}estbed: {A} Tool For Investigating Distributed Problem Solving Networks", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "15--33", month = "Fall", year = "1983", note = "(Also published in {\it Blackboard Systems}, Robert S. Engelmore and Anthony Morgan, editors, pages 353--386, Addison-Wesley, 1988 and in {\it Readings from AI Magazine: Volumes 1--5}, Robert Engelmore, editor, pages 69--85, AAAI, Menlo Park, California, 1988)", } @Article{Lesser:1983:DVMb, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "The Distributed Vehicle Monitoring Testbed", journal = "AI Magazine", year = "1983", volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "63--109", month = "Fall", } @Unpublished{Lesser:1984:PIP, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "Panel on ``{I}nformation {P}rocessors as {O}rganizations'', {P}resented at the {N}ational {C}onference on {A}rtifical {I}ntelligence, {A}ustin, {T}exas", month = Aug, year = "1984", note = "(Description of the panel appeared in {\it Science}, 225:1136-1137, September 10, 1984)", } @InCollection{Lesser:1987:DPS, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", pages = "245--251", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Lesser:1987:DTI, title = "{DVMT} {A} Tool for Investigation of Distributed Problem Solving Networks", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", author = "V. R. Lesser and D. Corkill", editor = "M. N. Huhns", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", page = "355-386", year = "1987", } @TechReport{Lesser:1987:UDV, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "An Update on the {D}istributed {V}ehicle {M}onitoring {T}estbed", number = "87-111", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Dec, year = "1987", } @Article{Lesser:1988:APR, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Jasmina Pavlin and Edmund Durfee", title = "Approximate Processing in Real-Time Problem Solving", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "49--61", month = "Spring", year = "1988", note = "(Also published in {\it Blackboard Architectures and Applications}, V. Jagannathan, R. Dodhiawala, and L. Baum, editors, Academic Press, 1989.)", } @TechReport{Lesser:1988:DGP, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill and Joseph A. Hernandez and Robert C. Whitehair", title = "Details of Goal Processing in Blackboard Architectures", number = "88-19", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Mar, year = "1988", note = "(Presented at the AAAI-88 Blackboard Workshop, Seattle, Washington, August 24, 1988.)", } @TechReport{Lesser:1988:PAP, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Jasmina Pavlin", title = "Performing Approximate Processing to Address Real-time Constraints", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "COINS Technical Report", year = "1988", number = "87-126", } @Unpublished{Lesser:1989:CDP, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "Coordination in Distributed Problem Solving Networks", note = "DARPA proposal, COINS, University of Massachusetts", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Lesser:1989:FCT, author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill and Robert C. Whitehair and John A. Hernandez", title = "Focus of Control Through Goal Relationships", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1989", month = aug, address = "Detroit", pages = "497--503", abstract = "Discusses goal relationships which can be used to better focus problem solving. Examples of goal relationships are competition, subsumption, assistance, competition, independence, cooperation and two types of inhibition goals.", } @InCollection{Lesser:1989:GRT, editor = "V. Jagannathan and Rajendra Dodhiawala and Lawrence S. Baum", title = "Goal Relationships and Their Use in a Blackboard Architecture", author = "Victor R. Lesser and Daniel D. Corkill and Robert C. Whitehair and Joseph A. Hernandez", booktitle = "Blackboard architectures and applications", series = "Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence", volume = "3", chapter = "1", pages = "9--26", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1989", abstract = "this is the book with the newer version of the goal relationships paper in it", } @Article{Lesser:1991:RVF, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "A Retrospective View of {FA/C} Distributed Problem Solving", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @Article{Lesser:1995:MSE, author = "Victor R. Lesser", title = "Multiagent Systems: {A}n Emerging Subdiscipline of {AI}", journal = "ACM Computing Surveys", volume = "27", number = "3", pages = "340--342", month = sep, year = "1995", publisher = "ACM Press", } @Article{Leung:1990:ESS, author = "K. S. Leung and M. H. Wong", title = "An Expert System Shell Using Structured Knowledge : An Object Oriented Approach", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "38--47", year = "1990", month = mar, volume = "23", number = "3", abstract = "Chinese University of Hong Kong. Expert system shell is described that uses objects to store knowledge rather than frames. This allows for encapsulation of knowledge fragments.", } @InProceedings{Levesque:1990:AT, author = "Hector J. Levesque and Philip R. Cohen and Jos\'{e} H. T. Nunes", title = "On Acting Together", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1990", pages = "94--99", month = jul, } @Article{Levin:1977:DGM, author = "James A. Levin and James A. Moore", title = "Dialogue-games: {M}etacommuncation Structures for Natural Language Interaction", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "1", number = "4", pages = "395--420", month = Oct, year = "1977", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 385--397, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InCollection{Levitt:1994:VDT, author = "R. E. Levitt and P. G. Cohen and J. C. Kunz and C. Nass and T. Christiansen and Y. Jin", title = "The Virtual Design Team: Simulating How Organizational Structure and Communication Tools Affect Team Performance", booktitle = "Computational Organization Theory", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1994", editor = "K. M. Carley and M. J. Prietula", } @InProceedings{Levy:1992:GTA, author = "Ran Levy and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "A Game Theoretic Approach to the Pursuit Problem", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "195--213", month = feb, year = "1992", } @Article{Lewin:1986:DOE, author = "A. Lewin and J. Minton", title = "Determining Organizational Effectiveness: Another look and an agenda for research", journal = "Management Science", year = "1986", pages = "514--538", } @InProceedings{Libermann:1996:SAA, title = "Software Agents: {T}he {MIT} Approach", author = "Henry Libermann", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", notes = "(invited talk)", abstract = "The MIT Media Lab is working on all kinds of agents. Some well known examples are HOMR, a music-recommendation service and Webhunter, which recommends URL's of interesting Web documents. As an example Letizia is discussed, an agent that assists web browsing. Letizia is a user interface agent that assists a user browsing the World Wide Web. As the user operates a conventional Web browser such as Netscape, the agent tracks user behavior and attempts to anticipate items of interest by doing concurrent, autonomous exploration of links from the user's current position. The agent automates a browsing strategy consisting of a best-first search augmented by heuristics inferring user interest from browsing behavior.", } @Article{Lim:1982:HSD, author = "Willie Y-P. Lim", title = "{HISDL}---{A} Structure Description Language", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "25", number = "11", pages = "823--830", month = Nov, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Lin:1993:DAS, author = "Z. Lin and K. Carley", title = "Does Agent Style Matter in Organizational Decision Making?", booktitle = "AI and theories of groups \& organizations: Conceptual and Empirical Research", year = "1993", organization = "AAAI Workshop", editor = "Michael Prietula", note = "Working Notes", } @Article{Lin:1993:PRA, author = "Z. Lin and K. Carley", title = "Proactive or Reactive: An Analysis of the Effect of Agent Style on Organizational Decision-Making Performance", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Management", volume = "2", number = "4", note = "Special issue on ``Mathematical and Computational Models of Organizations: Models and Characteristics of Agent Behavior''", month = dec, pages = "271--289", year = "1993", } @InCollection{Lin:1994:TEM, author = "Z. Lin", title = "A Theoretical Evaluation of Measures of Organizational Design: Interrelationship and Performance Predictability", booktitle = "Computational Organization Theory", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1994", editor = "K. M. Carley and M. J. Prietula", chapter = "6", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", pages = "113--159", } @InProceedings{Linden:1990:TSA, author = "Theodore A. Linden", title = "Transformational Synthesis: An Approach to Large-Scale Planning Applications", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control", year = "1990", address = "San Diego", month = nov, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "126--130", } @InProceedings{Linder:1996:FMA, title = "Formalising motivational attitudes", author = "B. van Linder and W. van der Hoek and J-J Ch. Meyer", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Book{Lippman:1989:CP, author = "Stanley B. Lippman", title = "{C}++ Primer", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1989", address = "Reading, Mass.", abstract = "A thorough reference to the C++ language, but perhaps the title 'primer' is a little optimistic, it is a very good 2nd book on C++, but I felt it was a little tough as a first book [rick].", } @Article{Littlepage:1992:IMP, author = "Glenn E. Littlepage", title = "Impact of Meeting Procedures on Meeting Effectiveness", journal = "Journal of Business and Psychology", pages = "361--369", month = "Spring", year = "1992", } @TechReport{Liu:1987:SRT, author = "Jane W. S. Liu and Kwei-Jay Lin and Swaminathan Natarajan", title = "Scheduling Real-Time, Periodic Jobs Using Imprecise Results", year = "1987", institution = "Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois", } @InProceedings{Liu:1995:EPS, title = "Exploiting Problem Structure for Distributed Constraint Optimization", author = "JyiShane Liu and Katia P. Sycara", pages = "246--254", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Distributed constraint optimization imposes considerable complexity in agents' coordinated search for an optimal solution. However, in many application domains, problems often exhibit special structures that can be exploited to facilitate more efficient problem solving. One of the most recurrent structures involves disparity among subproblems. We present a coordination mechanism, Anchor&Ascend, for distributed constraint optimization that takes advantage of disparity among subproblems to efficiently guide distributed local search for global optimality. The coordination mechanism assigns different overlapping subproblems to agents who must interact and iteratively converge on a solution. In particular, an anchor agent who conducts local best first search to optimize its subsolution interacts with the rest of the agents who perform distributed constraint satisfaction to enforce problem constraints and constraints imposed by the anchor agent. We focus our study on the well-known NP-complete job shop scheduling problem. We define and study two problem structure measures, disparity ratio and disparity composition ratio. We experimentally evaluated the effectiveness of the Anchor&Ascend mechanism on a suite of job shop scheduling problems over a wide range of values of disparity composition. Our experimental results show that (1) considerable advantage can be obtained by explicitly exploiting disparity (2) disparity composition ratio plays a more important role than disparity ratio in finding high quality solution with little computational cost.", } @InProceedings{Lokhorst:1996:MBT, title = "Modelling business transactions: {D}eontic {P}etri Nets", author = "G-J C. Lokhorst", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Lott:1994:TFA, author = "Christopher G. Lott", title = "Terrain Flattening by Autonomous Robot: a Genetic Programming Application", booktitle = "Genetic Algorithms at Stanford 1994", year = "1994", editor = "John R. Koza", pages = "99--109", address = "Stanford, California, 94305-3079 USA, Phone 415-329-1217 or 800-533-2670", month = dec, organisation = "Stanford University", publisher = "Stanford Bookstore", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming, agents", ISBN = "0-18-187263-3", notes = "{"}Successfully used GP to ... robot control programs which can transform any random 12 x 12 grid into basically a flat plane.{"} {"}rudimentary cooperation between robots in acheiving the same goal{"}. This volume contains 20 papers written and submitted by students describing their term projects for the course {"}Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming{"} (Computer Science 426) at Stanford University offered during the fall quarter 1994 http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~koza/cs426.html", } @Article{Lowrance:1977:HMS, author = "John D. Lowrance and Daniel P. Friedman", title = "Hendrix's Model for Simultaneous Actions and Continuous Processes: {A}n Introduction and Implementation", journal = "International Journal of Man-Machine Studies", pages = "537--581", year = "1977", } @TechReport{Lowrance:1979:DGP, author = "John D. Lowrance and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "The Design of {GRASPER} 1.0: {A} Programming Language Extension for Graph Processing", number = "79-6", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Feb, year = "1979", } @TechReport{Lowrance:1979:GRM, author = "John D. Lowrance", title = "{GRASPER} 1.0 Reference Manual", number = "78-20", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Feb, year = "1979", } @PhdThesis{Lowrance:1983:DGM, author = "John Douglas Lowrance", title = "Dependency-graph Models of Evidential Support", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = Feb, year = "1983", note = "(Also published as Technical Report 82-26, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, Septemeber 1982.)", } @InProceedings{Lu:1988:DAI, author = "Lu and Thompson", title = "A Distributed Artificial Intelligence Approach to Integrated Engineering Design", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference in Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems", address = "Tullahoma, Tennessee", year = "1988", } @Book{Luce:1957:GD, author = "R. D. Luce and H. Raiffa", title = "Games and Decisions", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", year = "1957", } @Book{Luce:1958:GDI, author = "R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa", title = "Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1958", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Luck:1995:ECM, title = "Engagement and Cooperation in Motivated Agent Modelling", author = "Michael Luck and Mark d'Inverno", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Luck:1995:FFA, title = "A Formal Framework for Agency and Autonomy", author = "Michael Luck and Mark d'Inverno", pages = "254--268", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "With the recent rapid growth of interest in Multi-Agent Systems, both in Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering, has come an associated difficulty concerning basic terms and concepts. In particular, the terms agency and autonomy are used with increasing frequency to denote different notions with different connotations. In this paper we lay the foundations for a principled theory of agency and autonomy, and specify the relationship between them. Using the Z specification language, we decribe a three-tiered hierarchy comprising objects, agents and autonomous agents where agents are viewed as objects with goals, and autonomous agents are agents with motivations.", keywords = "Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multiagent systems", } @InProceedings{Luck:1995:FVS, title = "A Formal View of Social Dependence Networks", author = "Michael Luck and Mark d'Inverno", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Luckhardt:1986:ASP, author = "C. A. Luckhardt and K. B. Irani", title = "An Algorithmic Solution of {N}-person Games", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "158--162", month = Aug, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Luria:1987:GCC, author = "M Luria", title = "Goal Conflict Concerns", organization = "IJCAI", booktitle = "Proceedings of IJCAI-87", address = "Milan, Italy", year = "1987", pages = "1025--1031", } @InProceedings{Lux:1995:UCA, title = "Understanding Cooperation: an Agent's Perspective", author = "Andreas Lux and Donald Steiner", pages = "261--268", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The Multi-agent Environment for Constructing Cooperative Applications (MECCA) is based upon a framework unifying the internal behaviour of agents and cooperation among agents. This paper presents a formalised view of agent behaviour relying on the basic loop of goal activation, plan execution and scheduling followed by task execution. This allows for a presentation of the semantics of cooperation primitives: interagent messages supporting cooperation, comprised of speech acts operating upon objects occuring in the basic loop. The formal semantics of cooperation primitives gives a meaning to indiviudal messages, independent from the cooperation protocol. Thus, agents can reason about exchanged messages and are able to dynamically create their own methods for cooperation.", keywords = "Agent architectures , Cooperation, coordination, and conflict", } @TechReport{Lyons:1990:BESa, author = "J. Lyons and C. Grossner", title = "A Blackbox Expert System: User Requirements", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0190-0001", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jan, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Lyons:1990:BESb, author = "J. Lyons and C. Grossner", title = "A Blackbox Expert System: Software Requirements Specification", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0490-0003", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Apr, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Lyons:1990:BESc, author = "J. Lyons and C. Grossner.", title = "A Blackbox Expert System: Preliminary Design", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-0790-0005", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Lyons:1990:BESd, author = "J. Lyons and C. Grossner", title = "A Blackbox Expert System: Detailed Design", type = "DAI Technical Report", number = "DAI-1190-0007", institution = "Concordia University", address = "Montreal Quebec", publisher = "Computer Science Dept.", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{MacIntosh:1987:SGT, author = "Douglas J. MacIntosh and Susan E. Conry", title = "{SIMULACT:} {A} Generic Tool for Simulating Distributed Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1987 Eastern Simulation Conference", year = "1987", } @Article{MacIntosh:1991:DAR, author = "Douglas J. MacIntosh and Susan E. Conry and Robert A. Meyer", title = "Distributed Automated Reasoning: {I}ssues in Coordination, Cooperation, and Performance", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Maes:1989:DAS, author = "Pattie Maes", title = "The Dynamics of Action Selection", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "991--997", year = "1989", abstract = "AI-LAB, V.U.B. (Brussels)", } @InProceedings{Maes:1993:LIA, author = "Pattie Maes and Robyn Kozierok", title = "Learning Interface Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = jul, pages = "459--464", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Maimon:1985:MRC, author = "Oded Z. Maimon", title = "A Multi-Robot Control Experimental System with Random Parts Arrival", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1985 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation", pages = "895--900", year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Maio:1995:UMA, title = "Unsupervised Multi-Agent Exploration Of Structured Environments", author = "Dario Maio and Stefano Rizzi", pages = "269--275", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Exploration is a central issue for autonomous agents which must carry out navigation tasks in environments whose description is not known a priori. In our approach the environment is described, from a symbolic point of view, by means of a graph; clustering techniques allow for further levels of abstraction to be defined, leading to a multi-layered representation. In this work we propose an unsupervised exploration algorithm in which several agents cooperate to acquire knowledge of the environment at the different abstraction levels; a broadcast model is adopted for inter-agent communication. All agents are structurally equal and pursue the same local exploration strategy; nevertheless, the existence of multiple levels of abstraction in the environment representation allows for the agents' behaviours to differentiate. Agents carry out exploration at different abstraction levels, aimed at reproducing an ideal exploration profile; each agent selects dynamically its exploration level, based on the current demand.", } @InProceedings{Malmer:1994:HDL, author = "Daniel Malmer", title = "Hive: Development of a Language Among Artificial Life Forms", booktitle = "Artificial Life at Stanford 1994", year = "1994", editor = "John R. Koza", pages = "99--107", address = "Stanford, California", month = jun, organisation = "Stanford University", publisher = "Stanford Bookstore", keywords = "genetic algorithms, Finite State Machine, Agents, Communication", ISBN = "0-18-182105-2", notes = "Bees, Genesys This volume contains 22 papers written and submitted by students describing their term projects for the course in artificial life (Computer Science 425) at Stanford University offered during the spring quarter quarter 1994 http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~koza/cs425.html", } @TechReport{Malone:1983:EML, author = "T. W. Malone and R. E. Fikes and M. T. Howard", title = "Enterprise: {A} market-like task scheduler for distributed computing environments", type = "Working Paper", number = "CISR WP 111 (Sloan WP 1537-84)", institution = "Center for Information Systems Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", year = "1983", } @TechReport{Malone:1984:TDO, author = "T. W. Malone and S. A. Smith", title = "Tradeoffs in Designing Organizations: {I}mplications for new forms of human organizations and computer systems", type = "Working Paper", number = "CISR WP 112 (Sloan WP 1541-84)", institution = "Center for Information Systems Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", month = Mar, year = "1984", } @TechReport{Malone:1986:MLT, author = "T. W. Malone and R. E. Fikes and K. R. Grant and M. T. Howard", title = "Market-like Task Scheduling in Distributed Computing Environments", institution = "MIT Center for Information Systems Research", number = "CISR-WP-139", month = Mar, year = "1986", } @Article{Malone:1987:EME, author = "T. W. Malone and J. Yates and R. I. Benjamin", title = "Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies", journal = "Communications of the ACM", year = "1987", volume = "30", pages = "484--497", } @Article{Malone:1987:IIS, author = "Thomas W. Malone and Kenneth R. Grant and Franklyn A. Turbak and Stephen A. Brobst and Michael D. Cohen", title = "Intelligent Information-Sharing Systems", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "30", number = "5", pages = "390--402", year = "1987", } @Article{Malone:1987:MCOa, author = "T. W. Malone", title = "Modelling Coordination in Organizations and Markets", journal = "Management Science", volume = "33", number = "10", year = "1987", } @Article{Malone:1987:MCOb, author = "Thomas W. Malone", title = "Modeling Coordination in Organizations and Markets", journal = "Management Science", volume = "33", number = "10", pages = "1317--1332", year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 151--158, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", abstract = "MIT. A management view of organizations of people and how they can be modelled.", } @InProceedings{Malone:1988:WCT, author = "Thomas W. Malone", title = "What is Coordination Theory?", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Science Foundation Coordination Theory Workshop", year = "1988", month = feb, } @InCollection{Malone:1990:OIP, author = "Thomas W. Malone", title = "Organizing Information Processing Systems: {P}arallels Between Human Organizations and Computer Systems", booktitle = "Cognition, Computing, and Cooperation", editor = "Scott P. Robertson and Wayne Zachary and John B. Black", publisher = "Ablex Publishing Corporation", pages = "56--83", year = "1990", } @TechReport{Malone:1991:TIT, author = "Thomas W. Malone and Kevin Crowston", title = "Toward an Interdisciplinary Theory of Coordination", institution = "MIT Sloan School of Management", type = "Center for Coordination Science Technical Report", year = "1991", number = "CCS-TR-120", } @TechReport{Malone:1993:TIO, author = "Thomas W. Malone and Kevin Crowston and Jintae Lee and Brian Pentland", title = "Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes", institution = "MIT Sloan School of Management", type = "Center for Coordination Science Technical Report", year = "1993", number = "141", } @Article{Malone:1994:ISC, author = "Thomas W. Malone and Kevin Crowston", title = "The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination", journal = "ACM Computing Surveys", volume = "26", number = "1", pages = "87", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Manela:1993:DGP, author = "Mauro Manela and J. A. Campbell", title = "Designing Good Pursuit Problems as Testbeds for {D}istributed {AI}: a Novel Application of {G}enetic {A}lgorithms", booktitle = "Fifth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", year = "1993", month = aug # " 24-27", address = "Neuch\^{a}tel, Switzerland", } @InProceedings{Mann:1979:DDC, author = "William C. Mann", title = "Design for Dialogue Comprehension", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics", month = Aug, year = "1979", } @Book{March:1958:O, author = "James G. March and Herbert A. Simon", title = "Organizations", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", address = "New York", year = "1958", abstract = "March : Graduate school of industrial administration, Simon : Carnegie Inst. of Technology A perspective on human organizations.", } @Article{March:1991:HDH, author = "James G. March", title = "How Decisions Happen in Organizations", journal = "Human-Computer Interaction", volume = "6", pages = "95--117", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Martial:1989:MPR, author = "Frank von Martial", title = "Multiagent Plan Relationships", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1989 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Sep, pages = "59--72", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Martial:1990:CMR, author = "Frank v. Martial", title = "A conversation model for resolving conflicts among distributed office activities", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Office Information Systems", month = apr, address = "Cambridge, MA", year = "1990", pages = "99--108", } @InProceedings{Martial:1990:CPM, author = "Frank von Martial", title = "Coordination of Plans in Multiagent Worlds by Taking Advantage of the Favor Relation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @InCollection{Martial:1990:IAA, author = "Frank von Martial", title = "Interactions Among Autonomous Planning Agents", booktitle = "Decentralized AI", editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. Muller", publisher = "North Holland", pages = "105--119", year = "1990", } @PhdThesis{Martial:1991:CPA, author = "Frank v. Martial", title = "Coordinating Plans of Autonomous Agents via Relationship Resolution and Communication", school = "Universit{\"{}a}t des Saarlandes", year = "1991", } @Book{Martial:1992:CPA, author = "Frank v. Martial", title = "Coordinating Plans of Autonomous Agents", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", note = "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence no. 610", year = "1992", address = "Berlin", } @InProceedings{Mason:1988:SEA, author = "C. Mason and R. Johnson and R. Searfus and D. Lager and T. Canales", title = "A Seismic Event Analyzer for Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Verification", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering", month = Aug, year = "1988", } @InCollection{Mason:1989:DFD, author = "Cindy L. Mason and Rowland R. Johnson", title = "{DATMS}: {A} Framework for Distributed Assumption Based Reasoning", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", pages = "293--317", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Masthoff:1995:VAD, title = "A view on the architecture and design of highly autonomous and situated agents", author = "J. Masthoff and R. Van Hoe", pages = "458", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In the first part of this paper, a framework for the definition and classification of agent reseach is proposed. The major implication of this framework is that for systems embedded in a dynamic environment an approach based on highly autonomous and siutated agents is called for. In the main part of the paper, an architecture and a design process of complex agents are proposed. This is illustrated with a coaching application. In our architecture, a complex agent consists of a {"}society{"} of agents which are designed in an incremental, bottom-up manner according to what we call a behavioural engineering approach. The agents operate in parallel and have a close coupling between perception and action. Emergent functionality and memory-based learning characterize the adaptive behaviour of the agents. Furture research will focus on additional learning processes for the agents and will explore the concept of plans as a resource for situated action.", keywords = "agent architectures, agent design, multi-agent system application", } @TechReport{Masuch:1994:LDO, author = "M. Masuch and Z. Huang", title = "A Logical Deconstruction of Organizational Action: Formalizing {J.D.} {T}hompson's {\em {O}rganizations in {A}ction\/} in a Multi-agent Action Logic", institution = "Department of Statistics and Methodology, PSCW, University of Amsterdam", year = "1994", type = "CCSOM Working Paper", number = "94-120", address = "Netherlands", } @InProceedings{Mataric:1995:LMR, author = "Maja J. Mataric", title = "Learning in Multi-Robot Systems", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "32--37", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "This paper discusses why traditional reinforcement learning methods, and algorithms applied to such theoretical models, often result in poor performance in dynamic, situated multi--agent domains characterized by multiple goals, noisy perception and action, and inconsistent reinforcement. We propose a methodology for designing the representation and the forcement functions that take advantage of implicit domain knowledge in order to accelerate learning in such domains, and demonstrate it experimentally in two different mobile robot domains.", } @InProceedings{Mataric:1996:MCE, author = "Maja Mataric", title = "Merging Co-Evolution and Reinforcement Learning.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Matsubara:1996:LCA, author = "Hitoshi Matsubara and Itsuki Noda and Kazuo Hiraki", title = "Learning of Cooperative actions in multiagent systems: {a} case study of pass play in Soccer.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @TechReport{Matwin:1987:LBT, author = "S. Matwin and S. Szpakowicz and G. Kersten and W. Michalowski and Z. Koperczak", title = "Logic-based Tools for Negotiation Support", institution = "University of Ottawa", year = "1987", number = "87-10", } @Book{Maxwell:1990:DEA, author = "S. Maxwell and H. Delany", title = "Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data", publisher = "Wadsworth Publishing Company", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Mayfield:1995:CFN, title = "The Cycic Friends Network: {G}etting Cyc agents to reason together", author = "James Mayfield and Tim Finin and Rajkumar Narayanaswamy and Chetan Shah and William MacCartney and Keith Goolsbey", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Mazer:1987:EUD, author = "Murray S. Mazer", title = "Exploring the Use of Distributed Problem-Solving in Office Support Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Office Automation", pages = "217--225", month = Apr, year = "1987", } @Article{Mazer:1991:RAK, author = "Murray S. Mazer", title = "Reasoning About Knowledge to Understand Distributed {AI} Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{McArthur:1982:FDP, author = "David McArthur and Randy Steeb and Stephanie Cammarata", title = "A Framework for Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1982", pages = "181--184", month = aug, address = "Pittsburgh, PA", } @Article{McCalla:1982:PCP, author = "Gordon I. McCalla and Larry Reid and Peter F. Schneider", title = "Plan Creation, Plan Execution, and Knowledge Acquisition in a Dynamic Microworld", journal = "International Journal of Man-Machine Studies", volume = "16", pages = "89--112", year = "1982", } @Book{McCarthy:1965:LPM, author = "John McCarthy and Paul W. Abrahams and Daniel J. Edwards and Timothy P. Hart and Michael I. Levin", title = "Lisp 1.5 Programmer's Manual", publisher = "MIT Press", edition = "Second", year = "1965", } ; @Book{McClelland:1987:PDP, author = "James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart and the PDP Research Group", title = "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (2 Volumes)", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1987", } @InBook{McCulloch:1965:EM, author = "Warren S. McCulloch", chapter = "What's in the Brain that Ink may Character?", title = "Embodiments of Mind", publisher = "MIT Press", pages = "387--397", year = "1965", } @Article{McDermott:1978:PA, author = "Drew McDermott", title = "Planning and Acting", journal = "Cognitive Science", number = "2", pages = "71--109", year = "1978", } @Article{McDermott:1982:TLR, author = "Drew McDermott", title = "A Temporal Logic for Reasoning About Processes and Plans", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "6", pages = "101--155", year = "1982", } @Article{McDermott:1984:PRT, author = "Drew McDermott and Ernest Davis", title = "Planning Routes through Uncertain Territory", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "107--156", year = "1984", } @TechReport{McDermott:1986:CPR, author = "Drew V. McDermott", title = "A Critique of Pure Reason", number = "YaleU/CSD/RR-480", institution = "Yale University", address = "New Haven, CT", month = Jun, year = "1986", } @Article{McGuire:1987:GCM, author = "T. W. McGuire and S. Kiesler and J. Siegel", title = "Group and Computer-Mediated Discussion Effects in Risk Decision Making", journal = "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", year = "1987", volume = "5", pages = "917--930", } @Book{McKelvey:1982:OS, author = "Bill McKelvey", title = "Organizational Systematics", publisher = "University of California Press", year = "1982", address = "Berkeley, CA", } @Article{McKeown:1985:RBI, author = "Jr. David M. McKeown and Jr. Wilson A. Harvey and John McDermott", title = "Rule-Based Interpretation of Aerial Imagery", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "PAMI-7", number = "5", pages = "570--585", month = sep, year = "1985", abstract = "Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Univ.", } @Book{Meandzija:1989:INM, author = "Branislav Meandzija and Jil Westcott", title = "Integrated Network Management {I}", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers/North Holland", address = "New York", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Meehan:1980:EYA, author = "James R. Meehan", title = "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Authority Structures But Were Unable to Represent", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Stanford, CA", pages = "212--214", month = Aug, year = "1980", } @Book{Mesterton-Gibbons:1992:IGT, title = "An Introduction to Game-Theoretic Modelling", author = "Michael Mesterton-Gibbons", year = "1992", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", } @Book{Meunier:1986:CNG, author = "Bertrand R. Meunier and Melvin F. Shakan", title = "Compromise, Negotiation, and Group Decision", publisher = "R. Deidel Publishing Co.", address = "Dorbrecht", year = "1986", abstract = "Bertrand R. Meunier, Univ. of Marseilles", } @Article{Meyer:1977:IOF, author = "J. W. Meyer and B. Rowan", title = "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structures as Myth and Ceremony", journal = "American Journal of Sociology", year = "1977", volume = "83", pages = "340--363", } @Book{Meyer:1983:OER, author = "J. W. Meyer and W. R. Scott", title = "Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality", publisher = "Sage Publications", year = "1983", address = "Beverly Hills, CA", } @Article{Mi:1990:KBE, author = "P. Mi and W. Scacchi", title = "A Knowledge-Based Environment for Modeling and Simulating Software Engineering Processes", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", year = "1990", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "283--294", month = sep, } @Article{Miao:1991:DSR, author = "Xiyi Miao and Peter B. Luh and David L. Kleimnman and David A. Casta\~{n}on", title = "Distributed Stochastic Resource Allocation in Teams", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "1", pages = "61--70", month = jan # "/" # feb, year = "1991", } @Book{Miller:1978:LS, author = "James Grier Miller", title = "Living Systems", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1978", } @PhdThesis{Miller:1987:MPP, author = "James S. Miller", title = "Multischeme: {A} parallel processing system based on {MIT} {S}cheme", school = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA", month = Sep, year = "1987", note = "(Also published as Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-402, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, September 1987.)", } @Article{Miller:1990:DTK, author = "L. A. Miller", title = "Dynamic Testing of Knowledge Bases Using the Heuristic Testing", journal = "Expert Systems with Applications", volume = "1", number = "3", year = "1990", pages = "249--270", } @TechReport{Miller:1994:CEP, author = "Geoffrey F. Miller and Dave Cliff", title = "Co-Evolution of Pursuit and Evasion {I}: Biological and game-Theoretic Foundations", institute = "School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex", number = "CSRP311", month = aug, year = "1994", notes = "Submitted to Adaptive Behavior. A copy of the paper is ftp'able", } @InCollection{Minsky:1979:STT, author = "Marvin Minsky", title = "The Society Theory of Thinking", booktitle = "{A}rtificial {I}ntelligence: {A}n {MIT} Persective", editor = "Patrick Henry Winston and Richard Henry Brown", pages = "423--450", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1979", } @Article{Minsky:1980:KLT, author = "Marvin Minsky", title = "{K}-lines: {A} Theory of Memory", journal = "Cognitive Science", pages = "117--133", year = "1980", } @Book{Minsky:1985:SM, author = "Marvin Minsky", title = "The Society of Mind", publisher = "Simon and Schuster", year = "1985", } @Book{Mintzberg:1973:NMW, author = "H. Mintzberg", title = "The Nature of Managerial Work", publisher = "Harper \& Row", address = "New York, NY", year = "1973", } @Book{Mintzberg:1979:SOS, author = "H. Mintzberg", title = "The Structuring of Organizations: {A} Synthesis of the Research", publisher = "Prentice Hall", address = "Englewood Cliffs, N.J.", year = "1979", } @Book{Mintzberg:1983:SFD, author = "H. Mintzberg", title = "Structure in fives: designing effective organizations", publisher = "Prentice-Hall", year = "1983", address = "Englewood Cliffs, N.J.", } @Article{Mirchandaney:1989:AED, author = "R. Mirchandaney and D. Towsley and J. Stankovic", title = "Analysis of the effects of delays on load sharing", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", year = "1989", volume = "38", number = "11", month = nov, pages = "1513--1525", } @Article{Moe:1984:NEO, author = "Terry M. Moe", title = "The New Economics of Organization", journal = "American Journal of Political Science", year = "1984", volume = "28", number = "4", pages = "739--777", month = nov, } @InProceedings{Moehlman:1990:CPD, author = "Theresa Moehlman and Victor Lesser", title = "Cooperative Planning and Decentralized Negotiation in Multi-Fireboss Phoenix", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "144--159", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @Article{Moehlman:1992:DNAa, author = "Theresa Moehlman and Victor Lesser and Brandon Buteau", title = "Decentralized Negotiation: An Approach to the Distributed Planning Problem", journal = "Group Decision and Negotiation", year = "1992", volume = "1", number = "2", pages = "161--192", } @Article{Moehlman:1992:DNAb, author = "Theresa A. Moehlman and Victor R. Lesser and Brandon L. Buteau", title = "Decentralized Negotiation: An Approach to the Distributed Planning Problem", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1992", month = "Special Issue on Control, Planning and Scheduling", note = "Submitted.", } @Article{Mohanty:1989:MPM, author = "R. P. Mohanty and M. K. Siddiq", title = "Multiple projects-multiple resources-constrained scheduling: Some studies", journal = "IJPR", volume = "27", number = "2", pages = "261--280", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Monge:1989:PMC, author = "P. R. Monge and C. McSween and Wyer", title = "A Profile of Meetings in Corporate America", booktitle = "Results of the 3M Meeting Effectiveness Study", publisher = "Anneberg School of Communications, University of Southern California, Los Angeles", year = "1989", } @TechReport{Montgomery:1990:MUG, author = "Thomas A. Montgomery and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "{MICE} Users Guide", number = "CSE-TR-64-90", institution = "Computer Science and Engineering Division, EE and CS Department, University of Michigan", address = "Ann Arbor, MI 48109", month = Jun, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Montgomery:1990:UMS, author = "Thomas A. Montgomery and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Using {MICE} to Study Intelligent Dynamic Coordination", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Computer Society International Conference on Tools for Artificial Intelligence", pages = "438--444", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Montgomery:1992:SRH, author = "Thomas A. Montgomery and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Search Reduction in Hierarchical Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1992", address = "Glen Arbor, Michigan", month = feb, } @InProceedings{Mor:1995:LYO, author = "Yishay Mor and Claudia V. Goldman and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Learn Your Opponent's Strategy (in Polynomial Time)!", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "53--58", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Agents that interact in a distributed environment might increase their utility by behaving optimally given the strategies of the other agents. To do so, agents need to learn about those with whom they share the same world. This paper examines interactions among agents from a game theoretic perspective. In this context, learning has been assumed as a means to reach equilibrium. We analyze the complexity of this learning process. We start with a restricted two--agent model, in which agents are represented by finite automata, and one of the agents plays a fixed strategy. We show that even with this restrictions, the learning process may be exponential in time. We then suggest a criterion of simplicity, that induces a class of automata that are learnable in polynomial time.", } @InProceedings{Mor:1995:TPD, title = "Time and the prisoner's dilemma", author = "Yishay Mor and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "276--282", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper examines the integration of computational complexity into game theoretic models. The example focused on is the Prisoner's Dilemma, repeated for a finite length of time. We show that a minimal bound on the players' computational ability is sufficient to enable cooperative behavior. In addition, a variant of the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game is suggested, in which players have the choice of opting out. This modification enriches the game and suggests dominance of cooperative strategies. Competitive analysis is suggested as a tool for investigating sub-optimal (but computationally tractable) strategies and game theoretic models in general. Using competitive analysis, it is shown that for bounded players, a sub-optimal strategy might be the optimal choice, given resource limitations.", keywords = "Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multiagent systems; Prisoner's Dilemma", } @InProceedings{Morgenstern:1987:KPA, author = "Leora Morgenstern", title = "Knowledge Preconditions for Actions and Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, WA", pages = "867--874", month = Aug, year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 151--158, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Moses:1985:CHO, author = "Yoram Moses and Danny Dolev and Joseph H. Halpern", title = "Cheating Husbands and Other Stories: {A} Case Study of Knowledge, Action, and Communication (Preliminary Version)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing", pages = "215--223", month = aug, year = "1985", abstract = "By looking at a number of variants of the cheating husbands puzzle, we illustrate the subtle relationship between knowledge, communication, and action in a distributed environment.", } @Article{Moulin:1990:SPE, author = "Bernard Moulin", title = "Strategic Planning in Expert Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "69--75", year = "1990", month = apr, volume = "5", number = "2", abstract = "Universite Laval. How one can plan to use expert system technology in an existing corporate environment.", } @Article{Moustakis:1995:CCB, author = "Vassilis S. Moustakis", title = "{CEG}: {A} case based decision modeling architecture", journal = "European Journal of Operational Research", year = "1995", pages = "170--191", volume = "84", } @Article{Mukhopadhyay:1987:ISD, author = "Uttam Mukhopadhyay and Larry Stephens and Michael Huhns and Ronald Bonnell", title = "An Intelligent System for Document Retrieval in Distributed Office Environments", journal = "Journal of the American Society for Information Science", volume = "37", pages = "123--135", year = "1987", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 565-577, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InProceedings{Mullen:1995:SCM, title = "A Simple Computational Market for Network Information Services", author = "Tracy Mullen and Michael P. Wellman", pages = "283--289", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Visionary projections of a wide-area network teeming with intelligent agents describe an environment where end-users and their agents can pick and choose among a great variety of potentially valuable information services. However, neither network capabilities nor users' time and money are infinite. Computational markets provide one type of mechanism for allocating limited resources in such an environment in a distributed, dynamic way. Moreover, the underlying economic theory provides an analytical framework for predicting aggregate behavior and designing individual agents. In this paper, we describe a prototypical computational market model for information services distributed over a network. Our initial focus is on the economic problem of when and where to establish mirror sites for the more popular information services. Competitive agents choose to set up mirrors based on going prices for network bandwidth, computational resources, and the information service. Depending on the experimental setup, we observed a range of qualitative behaviors.", keywords = "Resource allocation, Engineering methodologies", } @InProceedings{Munday:1995:MPM, title = "Motivation and Perception Mechanisms in Mobil Agent for Electronic Commerce", author = "Craig Munday and Jirapun Dangedej and Tim Cross and Dickson Lukose", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @TechReport{Murray:1988:CLO, author = "Kelly E. Murray and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "{C}ommon {L}isp Object Representation Strategies: {T}he {UM}ass {P}arallel {I}mplementation of {C}ommon {L}isp Implementation", number = "88-35", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Apr, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Muscettola:1987:PFR, author = "N. Muscettola and S. Smith", title = "A Probabilistic Framework for Resource-Constrained Multi-Agent Planning", organization = "IJCAI", booktitle = "Proceedings of IJCAI-87", address = "Milan, Italy", year = "1987", pages = "1063--1066", } @InProceedings{Musliner:1991:EMR, author = "David J. Musliner and Edmund H. Durfee and Kang G. Shin", title = "Execution Monitoring and Recovery Planning with Time", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on AI Applications", pages = "385--388", month = Feb, year = "1991", } @Article{Mylopoulos:1983:BKB, author = "John Mylopoulos and Tetsutaro Shibahara and John K. Tsotsos", title = "Building Knowledge-Based Systems: The {PSN} Experience", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "83--89", month = oct, year = "1983", abstract = "U of T", } @InBook{Nadler:1977:PBO, author = "David A. Nadler and III Edward E. Lawler", chapter = "Motivation: {A} diagnostic approach", title = "Perspectives on Behavior in Organizations", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", pages = "26--34", year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Nakashima:1995:OPM, title = "Organic Programming for Multi-Agents", author = "Hideyuki Nakashima and Itsuki Noda and Ichiro Ohsawa", pages = "459", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We are developing a new software methodology for building large, complicated systems out of simple units. The emphasis is on the architecture (called cooperative architecture) which is used to combine the units, rather than on the intelligence of individual units. We named the methodology ``organic programming'' after the flexibility of organic systems such as plants and animals. In this paper, we will describe the application of an organic programming language Gaea to description of multi-agent system. One of the advantages resides in that we can program the system in a subsumptive manner.", } @InProceedings{Narain:1983:LSS, author = "Sanjai Narain and David McArthur and Philip Klahr", title = "Large-scale System Development in Several {L}isp Environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany", pages = "859--861", month = Aug, year = "1983", } @Article{Narendra:1974:LAS, author = "Kumpati S. Narendra and M. A. L. Thathachar", title = "Learning Automata---{A} Survey", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "323--334", month = jul, year = "1974", } @Book{Natemeyer:1989:COB, title = "Classics of Organizational Behavior", editor = "Walter E. Natemeyer and Jay S. Gilberg", publisher = "The Interstate Printers \& Publishers, Inc.", year = "1989", } @Book{Neapolitan:1990:PRE, author = "Richard E. Neapolitan", title = "Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Neiman:1994:EML, title = "Exploring Meta--Level Infromation in a Distributed Scheduling System", author = "Daniel E. Neiman and David W. Hildum and Victor R. Lesser and Tuomas Sandholm", pages = "394--400", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Nelson:1982:RES, author = "William R. Nelson", title = "{REACTOR}: An Expert System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Nuclear Reactor Accidents", booktitle = "AAAI", pages = "296--301", year = "1982", abstract = "EG&G Idaho Inc. Idaho Falls ID.", } @Book{Newell:1972:HPS, author = "A. Newell and H. A. Simon", title = "Human Problem Solving", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1972", } @InCollection{Newell:1980:RPS, author = "Allen Newell", title = "Reasoning, Problem Solving, and Decision Processes: {T}he problem space as a fundamental category", booktitle = "Attention and Performance {VIII}", editor = "R. Nickerson", publisher = "Erlbaum", year = "1980", } @Book{Newell:1990:UTC, author = "Allen Newell", title = "Unified Theories of Cognition", publisher = "Harvard University Press", year = "1990", } @Book{Newman:1979:PIC, author = "W. E. Newman and R. F. Sproull", title = "Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1979", } @Article{Ng:1990:UME, author = "Keung-Chi Ng and Bruce Abramson", title = "Uncertainty Management in Expert Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "29--48", year = "1990", month = apr, volume = "5", number = "2", abstract = "University of Southern California. A Tutorial examination of different methods used in expert systems to deal with uncertainty. These include probability, belief propagation, confidence factor, Dempster - Shafer theory, likelihood, endorsements, fuzzy logic.", } @InProceedings{Nicklaus:1987:EKD, author = "Dennis J. Nicklaus and Siu S. Tong and Carol J. Russo", title = "Engineous: {A} Knowledge Directed {CO}mputer Aided Design Shell", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications", year = "1987", publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", month = feb, } @Article{Niemann:1985:KBS, author = "Heinrich Niemann and Horst Bunke and Ingrid Hofman and Gerhard Sagerer and Friedrich Wolf and Herbert Feistel", title = "A Knowledge Based System for Analysis of Gated Blood Pool Studies", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "PAMI-7", number = "3", month = may, year = "1985", abstract = "Niemann, Bunke, Hofman, Sagerer : Lehrstuhl fur Informatik, Univ. Erlangen-Nurnberg, West Germany. Wolf, Feistel : Institut and Poliklinik fur Nuklear-medizin, Univ. Erlangen-Nurnberg, West Germany", } @InCollection{Nii:1978:RBU, author = "Penny Nii and Edward A. Feigenbaum", title = "Rule Based Understanding of Signals", booktitle = "Pattern-Directed Inference Systems", editor = "D. A. Waterman and Frederick Hayes-Roth", pages = "483--501", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1978", } @Article{Nii:1982:SST, author = "H. Penny Nii and Edward A. Feigenbaum and John J. Anton and A. J. Rockmore", title = "Signal-to-Symbol Transformation: {HASP/SIAP} case study", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "23--35", month = "Spring", year = "1982", } @Article{Nii:1986:BASa, author = "H. Penny Nii", title = "Blackboard Application Systems and a Knowledge Engineering Perspective (part 2)", journal = "AI Magazine", month = aug, year = "1986", abstract = "A general overview of the designs and ideas behind blackboard systems, along with a brief history is given. Specific examples are given for Hearsay II, HASP, CRYSALIS, TRICERO, and other systems. The use of blackboards to solve ill-structured problems is also discussed.", } @Article{Nii:1986:BASb, author = "H. Penny Nii", title = "Blackboard Application Systems: {B}lackboard Systems from a Knowledge Engineering Perspective", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "82--106", month = "Conference", year = "1986", } @Article{Nii:1986:BSB, author = "H. Penny Nii", title = "Blackboard Systems: {T}he Blackboard Model of Problem Solving and the Evolution of Blackboard Architectures", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "38--53", month = "Summer", year = "1986", } @Article{Nilakant:1994:ATU, author = "V. Nilakant and H. Rao", title = "Agency Theory and Uncertainty in Organizations: An Evaluation", journal = "Organizational Studies", year = "1994", volume = "15", number = "5", pages = "649--672", } @Article{Nilson:1980:THB, author = "Nils J. Nilson", title = "Two Heads are Better than One", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", year = "1980", number = "73", pages = "43", month = oct, } @InCollection{Nilsson:1979:PSA, author = "N. J. Nilsson", title = "A Production System for Automatic Deduction", booktitle = "Machine Intelligence", editor = "J. E. Hayes and Donald Michie and L. I. Mikulich", publisher = "Halsted Press", pages = "101--126", year = "1979", } @Book{Nilsson:1980:PAI, author = "Nils J. Nilsson", title = "Principles of {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence", publisher = "Tioga", year = "1980", } @InCollection{Nirenburg:1988:PIA, author = "Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Lesser", title = "Providing Intelligent Assistance in Distributed Office Environments", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "590--598", year = "1988", } @Article{Noronha:1991:KBA, author = "S. J. Noronha and V. V. S. Sarma", title = "Knowledge-Based Approaches for Scheduling Problems: {A} Survey", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "160--171", month = jun, year = "1991", } @Book{Norvig:1992:PAI, title = "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp", author = "Peter Norvig", year = "1992", publisher = "Morgan-Kaufman", } @InProceedings{Numaoka:1990:OCM, author = "Chisato Numaoka and Mario Tokoro", title = "{OpenMind}: {C}onversational Model for Open Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of Workshop on Object-Oriented Computing 1990", month = Mar, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Numaoka:1995:IBH, title = "Introducing Blind Hunger Dilemma", author = "Chisato Numaoka", pages = "290--296", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper introduce Blind Hunger Dilemma as a cardinal problem in multi-agent domain. This is a problem to investigate an effect of agents' characteristics on the mean performance of a total system when agents involve in exclusively used shared resources. In this paper, we model an agent as one sensitive to some sorts of forces originated >from an energy supply base and some adjacent agents. We characterize agents' nature with two parameters and investigate relationship between these two parameters and some performance measures such as energy supply times.", } @InProceedings{Numaoka:1996:BEA, title = "Bacterial Evolution Algorithm for Rapid Adaptation", author = "Chisato Numaoka", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Nunes:1996:GTS, title = "Generalising transition systems for durative actions", author = "I. Nunes and J. Fiadeiro", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @TechReport{Oates:1994:CIG, author = "Tim Oates and M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Cooperative Information Gathering: {A} Distributed Problem Solving Approach", institution = "Department of Computer Science", year = "1994", number = "94-66", address = "University of Massachusetts", month = Sep, } @InProceedings{Oates:1994:NIR, author = "Tim Oates and M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor Lesser", title = "Networked Information Retrieval as Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '94 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", orgranization = "NIST", address = "Gaithersburg, Maryland", month = Dec, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Oates:1995:DPS, author = "Tim Oates and M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser and Keith Decker", title = "A Distributed Problem Solving Approach to Cooperative Information Gathering", booktitle = "AAAI-95 Spring Symposium on Information Gathering from Heterogeneous, Distributed Environments", address = "Stanford University, Stanford, CA", month = mar, year = "1995", } @Article{Oberquelle:1983:VHM, author = "Horst Oberquelle and Ingbert Kupka and Susanne Maass", title = "A View of Human-Machine Communication and Co-Operation", journal = "International Journal of Man-Machine Studies", volume = "19", pages = "309--333", year = "1983", } @InCollection{OHare:1995:AFE, author = "G. M. P. O'Hare", title = "The Agent Factory: An Environment for the Fabrication of Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "17", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @InProceedings{Ohira:1996:DIC, title = "Distributed Interaction with Computon", author = "Toru Ohira and Ryusuke Sawatari and Mario Tokoro", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @Article{OKeefe:1990:IME, author = "R. M. O'Keefe and S. Lee", title = "An Integrative Model of Expert System Verification", journal = "Expert Systems with Applications", volume = "1", number = "3", year = "1990", pages = "231--236", } @Article{OLeary:1990:VES, author = "Timothy J. O'Leary and Michael Gaul and Kathleen E. Moffitt and A. Essam Radwan", title = "Validating Expert Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "51--58", year = "1990", month = jun, volume = "5", number = "3", abstract = "Arizona State Univ. Validation and Verification of expert systems is defined. A method for the validation of expert systems using a third party review technique is presented.", } @Article{Orbell:1988:EDI, author = "J. M. Orbell and R. M. Dawes and A. J. C. van der Kragt", title = "Explaining Discussion-Induced Cooperation", journal = "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", year = "1988", pages = "811--819", } @Article{OReilly-Staff:1990:XTI, author = "O'Reilly-Staff", title = "{X} Toolkit Intrinsics Reference Manual", journal = "O'Reilly and Associates", volume = "5", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Orelup:1988:DIM, author = "Mark F. Orelup and John R. Dixon and Paul R. Cohen and Melvin K. Simmons", title = "Dominic {II}: Meta-level Control in Iterative Redesign", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1988", pages = "25--30", month = aug, } @InProceedings{Osawa:1995:MCS, title = "A Metalevel Coordination Strategy for Reactive Cooperative Planning", author = "Ei-Ichi Osawa", pages = "297--303", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper, we propose a metalevel coordination strategy to implement an adaptive organization for reactive cooperative planning. The adaptive organization changes its organizational scheme adaptively as a means of coping with the dynamic problem spaces. Preliminary experiments shows that an adaptive organization can be made to the increase efficiency in dynamic problem spaces. The reason for this works is that reducing the degree of freedom in the problem space, while increasing the degree of interaction, demands greater coordination. However, if the number of effective local plans decrease, it would seem likely that if the agents were to have a better metalevel strategy, they would be better able to search this reduced space efficiently. The metalevel coordination incorporates an agent-wide metalevel heuristic function. In designing the metalevel coordination strategy, we take three aspects of reactive cooperative planning into account. These aspects include: the difference in the degree of achievement in successive turns; the certainty of shared information; and the degree of freedom of choice for agent's behavior. The adaptive organization works efficiently in cases where the communication cost is relatively expensive.", } @InProceedings{Ossowski:1995:KLM, title = "A Knowledge-level Model of Coordination", author = "Sascha Ossowski and Ana Garcia-Serrano", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @Book{Ousterhout:1994:TTT, author = "John K. Ousterhout", title = "Tcl and the Tk Toolkit", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, MA", year = "1994", } @InCollection{Ow:1988:CCS, author = "P. S. Ow and S. F. Smith and R. E. Howie", title = "{CSS}: {A} Cooperative Scheduling System", editor = "M. D. Oliff", booktitle = "Expert Systems and Intelligent Manufacturing", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishing Co.", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Ow:1988:VSO, author = "P. S. Ow and S. F. Smith", title = "Viewing Scheduling as an Opportunistic Problem Solving Process", editor = "R. G. Jeroslow", publisher = "Baltzer Scientific Publishing Co.", booktitle = "Annals of Operations Research: Approaches to Intelligent Decision Support", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Ow:1989:CKB, author = "P. S. Ow and M. J. Prietula and W. Hsu", title = "Configuring Knowledge-based Systems to Organizational Structures: Issues and Examples in Multiple Agent Support", booktitle = "Expert Systems in Economics, Banking, and Management", publisher = "North-Holland", year = "1989", editor = "L. F. Pau and J. Motiwalla and Y. H. Pao and H. H. Teh", address = "Amsterdam", pages = "309--318", } @Article{Padgett:1992:ACT, author = "John F. Padgett", title = "The Alchemist of Contingency Theory", journal = "American Journal of Sociology", volume = "97", number = "5", pages = "1462--1470", month = mar, year = "1992", } @Book{Paker:1983:DCS, editor = "Y. Paker and J.-P. Verjus", title = "Distributed Computing Systems: Synchronization, Control, and Communication", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1983", address = "London", } @Article{Pan:1991:IAF, author = "Jeff Y-C Pan and Jay M. Tenenbaum", title = "An Intelligent Agent Framework for Enterprise Integration", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", pages = "1391--1408", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Pan:1991:TIA, title = "Toward an Intelligent Agent Framework for Enterprise Integration", author = "Jeff Y-C Pan and Jay M. Tenenbaum", pages = "206--212", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @Article{Panko:1992:PMC, author = "R. R. Panko", title = "Patterns of managerial communication", journal = "Journal of Organizational Computing", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "95--122", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Panko:1993:WWM, author = "R. R. Panko", title = "Why are we meeting?", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th Hawaiian International Conference of System Sciences", volume = "IV", pages = "169--178", year = "1993", } @Article{Papazoglou:1992:OFC, author = "M. P. Papazoglou and S. C. Laufmann and T. K. Sellis", title = "An Organizational Framework for Cooperating Intelligent Information Systems", journal = "Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", pages = "169--202", year = "1992", month = mar, volume = "1", number = "1", } @TechReport{Pardee:1987:IRT, author = "William J. Pardee and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Intelligent Real-Time Control of Material Processing", number = "1", month = feb, year = "1987", institution = "Rockwell International Science Center", address = "Palo Alto, CA", } @Book{Parsaye:1988:ESE, author = "K. Parsaye and M. Chignell", title = "Expert Systems for Experts", publisher = "John Wiley", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Parunak:1985:FAD, author = "H. Van Dyke Parunak and Bruce W. Irish and James Kindrick and Peter W. Lozo", title = "Fractal Actors for Distributed Manufacturing Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second IEEE Conference on AI Applications", year = "1985", pages = "653--660", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Parunak:1985:MEC, author = "H. Van Dyke Parunak", title = "Manufacturing Experience with the Contract Net", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1985 Distributed Artificial Intelligence Workshop", year = "1985", pages = "67--91", month = dec, } @InCollection{parunak:1987:MEC, author = "H. Van Dyke parunak", title = "Manufacturing Experience with the Contract Net", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "10", pages = "285--310", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Parunak:1990:DAM, author = "H. Van Dyke Parunak", title = "Distributed {AI} and Manufacturing Control: {S}ome Issues and Insights", booktitle = "Decentralized AI", editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. Muller", publisher = "North Holland", pages = "81--101", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Parunak:1990:TFM, author = "H. Van Dyke Parunak", title = "Toward a Formal Model of Inter-Agent Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Pathak:1995:SAC, title = "Service Agents for Customer Self-Service", author = "Dhiraj K. Pathak", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InCollection{Pattison:1987:IDO, author = "H. Edward Pattison and Daniel D. Corkill and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Instantiating Descriptions of Organizational Structures", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", chapter = "3", pages = "59--96", year = "1987", also = "(Also published as Technical Report 85-45, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, November 1985.)", } @InProceedings{Pavlin:1983:PPD, author = "Jasmina Pavlin", title = "Predicting the Performance of Distributed Knowledge-Based Systems: {A} Modeling Approach", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1983", pages = "314--319", address = "Washington, D.C.", month = aug, } @TechReport{Pavlin:1983:TAD, author = "Jasmina Pavlin and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Task Allocation in Distributed Problem Solving Systems", number = "?", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = May, year = "1983", warning = "This report apparently was never officially published", } @InProceedings{Pavlin:1984:MAS, author = "Jasmina Pavlin", title = "A Model for Analysis and Simulation of Distributed Knowledge-Based Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = Sep, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Pavlin:1984:SAA, author = "Jasmina Pavlin and Daniel D. Corkill", title = "Selective Abstraction of {AI} System Activity", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Austin, TX", pages = "264--268", month = Aug, year = "1984", } @PhdThesis{Pavlin:1985:MPD, author = "Jasmina Pavlin", title = "A Model for Prediction and Description of Knowledge Based System Behavior", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = May, year = "1985", } @Book{Paxton:1978:ES, author = "W. H. Paxton", title = "The Executive System", publisher = "D. E. Walker", address = "Elsevier, North-Holland", year = "1978", } @InProceedings{Payne:1995:ERI, title = "Experience with rule induction and k-nearest neighbour methods for interface agents that learn", author = "Terry Payne and Peter Edwards and Claire Green", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @Article{Payton:1990:PGR, author = "David W. Payton and J. Kenneth Rosenblatt and David M. Keirsey", title = "Plan Guided Reaction", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "20", number = "6", pages = "1370--1382", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Peacock:1988:BBN, author = "Don Peacock and Mark Giuffrida", title = "Big Brother: {A} Network Services Expert", booktitle = "USENIX Conference", month = "Summer", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Pearl:1985:HDP, author = "Judea Pearl", title = "How to do with Probabilities What People Say You Can't", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications", year = "1985", pages = "6--12", publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", month = dec, } @InCollection{Pearl:1986:CPA, author = "Judea Pearl", booktitle = "Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence", title = "A Constraint - Propagation Approach to Probabilistic Reasoning", editor = "L. N. Kanal and J. F. Lemmer", pages = "357--369", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publishers", address = "P.O. Box 1991, 1000 BZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands", year = "1986", abstract = "Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Dept, University of California, Los Angeles", call_number = "SEL Q 335 U53", } @Article{Pearl:1987:DRC, author = "Judea Pearl", title = "Distributed Revision of Composite Beliefs", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "33", number = "2", pages = "173--215", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Pearson:1995:CLI, title = "Combining learning from instruction with recovery from incorrect knowledge", author = "Douglas Pearson and Arun Sharma", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @Article{Perkins:1990:ATR, author = "Walton A. Perkins and Avis Austin", title = "Adding Temporal Reasoning to Expert System Building Environments", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "23--30", year = "1990", month = feb, volume = "5", number = "1", abstract = "Lockheed AI Center. Methods are examined and a working system is described which is able to deal with time. A method for reasoning with time as a factor is described.", } @InCollection{Perrault:1990:ADL, author = "C. R. Perrault", title = "An Application of Default Logic to Speech Act Theory", booktitle = "Intentions in Communication", editor = "P. R. Cohen and J. Morgan and M. E. Pollack", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1990", } @Book{Perrow:1986:CO, author = "Charles Perrow", title = "Complex Organizations", publisher = "Random House", year = "1986", address = "New York", } @Article{Peterson:1984:CEA, author = "J. H. Peterson", title = "A comparison of exact approaches for solving the multiple constrained resource project scheduling problem", journal = "Management Science", volume = "30", number = "7", pages = "854--867", year = "1984", } @Book{Peterson:1985:OSC, author = "James L. Peterson and Abraham Silberschatz", title = "Operating System Concepts", publisher = "Addison Wesley", address = "Reading, MA", year = "1985", } @Book{petrie92, editor = "Charles J. {Petrie, Jr.}", title = "Enterprise Integration Modeling: Proceedings of the First International Conference", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1992", } @InCollection{Pfeffer:1983:OD, author = "J. Pfeffer", title = "Organizational Demography", booktitle = "Research in Organizational Behavior", publisher = "JAI Press", year = "1983", editor = "L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw", volume = "5", address = "Greenwich, CT", } @Article{Pfeffer:1991:OTS, author = "J. Pfeffer", title = "Oganizational Theory and Structural Perspectives on Management", journal = "Journal of Management", year = "1991", volume = "17", number = "4", month = dec, pages = "789--803", } @Article{Pfeffer:1993:BAO, author = "J. Pfeffer", title = "Barriers to the advance of organizational science: Paradigm development as an independent variable", journal = "Academy of Management Review", year = "1993", volume = "18", number = "4", pages = "599--620", } @Book{Phillips:1992:HTA, title = "How to Think About Statistics", author = "John L. {Phillips, Jr.}", publisher = "W. H. Freeman and Company", year = "1992", } @MastersThesis{Pitula:1990:CDP, author = "K. Pitula", title = "Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving and the Game of Distributed Blackbox", school = "Concordia University", year = "1990", abstract = "", } @MastersThesis{Pitula:1990:CPS, author = "Kristina Pitula", title = "Cooperative Problem Solving Through the Game of Distributed Blackbox", school = "Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec", month = jun, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Pitula:1990:DBTa, author = "K. Pitula and T. Radhakrishnan and C. Grossner", title = "Distributed Blackbox : {A} Testbed for Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "IEEE Int'l Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications", pages = "143--147", month = mar, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Pitula:1990:DBTb, author = "K. Pitula and T. Radhakrishnan and C. Grossner", title = "Distributed Blackbox: {A} Test bed for Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "IEEE Int. Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications", month = Mar, year = "1990", note = "", } @InProceedings{Pollack:1990:ITE, author = "Martha E. Pollack and Marc Ringuette", title = "Introducing {Tileworld}: Experimentally Evaluating Agent Architectures", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1990", pages = "183--189", address = "Boston", month = jul, } @InCollection{Pollack:1990:PCM, author = "M. E. Pollack", title = "Plans as Complex Mental Attitudes", booktitle = "Intentions in Communications", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1990", editor = "P. R. Cohen and J. Morgan and M. E. Pollack", } @InProceedings{Pollack:1996:PEC, author = "Martha E. Pollack and Cristina Bichhieri", title = "The potential for the evolution of cooperation among Web agents.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Book{Porkess:1991:HCD, title = "The Harper Collins Dictionary of Statistics", author = "Roger Porkess", year = "1991", publisher = "Harper Collins", } @InProceedings{Prakken:1996:ABE, title = "Argument-based extended logic programming with defeasible priorities", author = "Henry Prakken and Giovanni Sartor", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Unpublished{Prasad:1995:DCB, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Distributed Case--Based Learning", year = "1995", note = "work in progress", } @InProceedings{Prasad:1995:LEH, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor Lesser and Susan Lander", title = "Learning Experiments in a Heterogeneous Multi-agent System", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "59--64", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Self-organization for efficient distributed search control has received much attention previously but the work presented in this paper represents one of the few attempts at demonstrating its viability and utility in an agent-based system involving complex interactions within the agent set. We discuss experiments with a heterogeneous multi-agent parametric design system called L-TEAM where machine learning techniques endow the agents with capabilities to learn their organizational roles in negotiated search and to learn meta-level knowledge about the composite search spaces. We tested the system on a steam condenser design domain and empirically demonstrated its usefulness.", } @TechReport{Prasad:1995:LOR, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser and Susan E. Lander", title = "Learning Organizational Roles in a Heterogeneous Multi-agent System", number = "Tech Report 95-35", institution = "UMass Computer Science", year = "1995", } @Article{Prasad:1995:RRDa, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser and Susan Lander", title = "Reasoning and Retrieval in Distributed Case Bases", journal = "Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, Special Issue on Digital Libraries", note = "Also as UMASS CS Technical Report 95-27, 1995", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Prasad:1995:RRDb, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor R. Lesser and Susan Lander", title = "On Reasoning and Retrieval in Distributed Case Bases", booktitle = "1995 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics", address = "Vancouver, Canada", month = Oct, year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Prasad:1996:LOR, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor Lesser and Susan Lander", title = "Learning Organizational Roles in a Heterogeneous Multiagent System.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Prasad:1996:LSS, author = "M. V. Nagendra Prasad and Victor Lesser", title = "Learning Situation-specific Coordination in Generalized Partial Global Planning.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Preece:1993:MRB, author = "A. Preece and P. Gokulchander and C. Grossner and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Modeling Rule Base Structure for Expert System Quality Assurance", booktitle = "Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Workshop on Validation of knowledge-Based Systems", month = aug, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Preece:1993:SVE, author = "A. Preece and C. Grossner and P. Gokulchander and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Structural Validation of expert systems: Experience Using a Formal Model", booktitle = "Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 93): Workshop on Validation and Verification of knowledge-Based Systems", month = jul, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Preece:1994:SVE, author = "A. Preece and C. Grossner and P. Gokulchander and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Structural Validation of Expert Systems: Experience Using a Formal Model", booktitle = "World Congress on Expert Systems", month = feb, year = "1994", } @Article{Preece:1994:SVR, author = "A. Preece and C. Grossner and P. Gokulchander and T. Radhakrishnan", title = "Structural Validation of Rule-Based Systems Using a Structural Model", journal = "Submitted for review to IEEE Knowledge and Data Engineering", month = feb, year = "1994", } @Book{Pruitt:1981:NB, author = "Dean G. Pruitt", title = "Negotiation Behavior", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1981", } @Book{Raiffa:1968:DAI, author = "Howard Raiffa", title = "Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choice Under Uncertainty", publisher = "Addision-Wesley", year = "1968", address = "Reading, Mass.", } @Book{Raiffa:1982:ASN, author = "H. Raiffa", title = "The Art and Science of Negotiation", publisher = "Harvard University Press", address = "Cambridge, Mass.", year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Raik:1994:ESS, author = "Simon Raik and Bohdan Durnota", title = "The Evolution of Sporting Strategies", editor = "Russel J. Stonier and Xing Huo Yu", pages = "85--92", booktitle = "Complex Systems: Mechanisms of Adaption", year = "1994", address = "Amsterdam, Netherlands", publisher = "IOS Press", note = "Presents a model for cooperation between members of teams", email = "simonr@sd.monash.edu.au, Bohdan.Durnota@sd.monash.edu.au", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming, collective behaviour", ISBN = "90 5199 186 X", url = "http://www.sd.monash.edu.au/Tech_Reports/P94-2.ps", size = "415961 Kb", abstract = "This paper describes Coach, an evolutionary simulator developed to investigate strategies for teams in a competitive environment, and discusses some of the issues surrounding the evolution of cooperation among team members. As its title suggests, Coach is a simulator of sporting environments, as these possess the required motivations for such behaviour and have the potential to benefit the real sporting world. In addition to describing Coach, this paper describes two applications illustrating the potential and value of the system. It examines cooperation within a simplified model of the game of volleyball in which cooperation emerged in the form of players passing the ball between them in order to control it for an effective offensive hit. Each player learnt a specialized skill which, in close harmony with the other team member's skills, provided the team with a strategy not unlike those used by real volleyball players. Some preliminary experiments were also carried out to investigate communication among team members.", } @PhdThesis{Railey:1986:DCS, author = "Malcolm Richard Railey", title = "Dynamic Control Structures For Cooperating Processes", school = "Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", month = jan, year = "1986", abstract = "A description of how multiple experts can select a leader(s) from among themselves using their own rating criteria. Elections with full information and subsequent attempts to minimize messages are discussed.", } @Article{Ramamritham:1984:DTS, author = "Krithivasan Ramamritham and John A. Stankovic", title = "Dynamic Task Scheduling in Hard Real-Time Distributed Systems", journal = "IEEE Software", volume = "1", number = "3", pages = "65--75", month = jul, year = "1984", } @Article{Ramamritham:1989:DST, author = "Krithi Ramamritham and John A. Stankovic and Wei Zhao", title = "Distributed Scheduling of Tasks with Deadlines and Resource Requirements", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "38", pages = "1110--1123", number = "8", month = aug, year = "1989", } @Article{Ramamritham:1990:ESA, author = "Krithi Ramamritham and John A. Stankovic and Perng-Fei Shiah", title = "Efficient Scheduling Algorithms for Real-time Multiprocessor Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems", volume = "1", number = "2", month = apr, pages = "184--195", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Rao:1995:BAT, title = "{BDI} Agents: from theory to practice", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", pages = "312--319", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The study of agents situated in dynamic environments capable of rational behaviour has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Theoretical formalizations of such agents and their implementations have proceeded in parallel with little or no connection between them. This paper explores a particular type of rational agent, a Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agent. The primary aim of this paper is to integrate (a) the theoretical foundations of BDI agents from both a quantitative decision-theoretic perspective and a symbolic reasoning perspective; (b) the implementations of BDI agents >from an ideal theoretical perspective and a more practical perspective; and (c) the building of large-scale applications based on BDI agents. In particular, an air-traffic management application will be analyzed from both a theoretical and an implementation perspective.", } @InProceedings{Rao:1995:IAA, title = "Integrated Agent Architecture: {E}xecution and Recognition of Mental-States", author = "Anand S. Rao", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Rao:1996:ABA, title = "{A}gent{S}peak({L}): {BDI} Agents Speak Out in a Logical Computable Language", author = "Anand S. Rao", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Rao:1996:OSB, title = "Operational Semantics of {BDI} agents", author = "A. Rao", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InCollection{Rapoport:1966:TXG, author = "A. Rapoport and M. Guyer", title = "A taxonomy of 2 x 2 games", booktitle = "Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research {XI}", year = "1966", pages = "203--214", } @InCollection{Rapoport:1989:PD, author = "A. Rapoport", title = "Prisoner's dilemma", booktitle = "The New Palgrave: Game Theory", editor = "J. Eatwell and M. Milgate and P. Newman", pages = "199--204", publisher = "Macmillan", address = "London", year = "1989", } @Book{Rasmusen:1989:GII, author = "Eric Rasmusen", title = "Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory", publisher = "Basil Blackwell", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Reagade:1987:MM, author = "Rammohan K. Reagade", title = "Metagames and Metasystems", booktitle = "Decisionmaking about Decisionmaking", editor = "John P. van Gigch", publisher = "Abacus Press", year = "1987", } @Book{Real:1994:BME, title = "Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology", editor = "Leslie A. Real", publisher = "The University of Chicago Press", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Reboh:1983:EUA, author = "Rene Reboh", title = "Extracting Useful Advice From Conflicting Expertise", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "145--150", year = "1983", abstract = "Artificial Intelligence Center SRI Intl", } @TechReport{Reed:1980:DLH, author = "Scott Reed and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Division of Labor in Honey Bees and Distributed Focus of Attention", number = "80-17", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Sep, year = "1980", } @InProceedings{Reynolds:1994:CCG, author = "Craig W. Reynolds", title = "Competition, Coevolution and the Game of Tag", booktitle = "Artificial Life IV", year = "1994", publisher = "MIT Press", } @TechReport{Rice:1986:PSP, author = "James P. Rice", title = "Poligon: {A} System for Parallel Problem Solving", number = "KSL-86-19", institution = "Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Palo Alto, CA 94304", month = Apr, year = "1986", } @Book{Rich:1982:AI, author = "Elaine Rich", title = "{A}rtificial {I}ntelligence", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1982", } @Book{Rich:1983:AI, author = "Elaine Rich", title = "Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "McGraw Hill", address = "New York, New York", year = "1983", } @Article{Rieger:1981:TTD, author = "C. Rieger and S. Small", title = "Toward a Theory of Distributed Word Expert Natural Language Parsing", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "43--51", month = Jan, year = "1981", } @Book{Robbins:1993:OBC, title = "Organizational Behavior: {C}oncepts, Controversies, and Applications", author = "Stephen P. Robbins", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1993", } @TechReport{Robinson:1990:NFR, author = "William N. Robinson and Stephen Fickas", title = "Negotiation Freedoms for Requirements Engineering", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Oregon", type = "Technical Report", year = "1990", number = "CIS-TR-90-04", month = apr, } @InProceedings{Robinson:1991:DTP, author = "William N. Robinson", title = "A Decision Theoretic Perspective of Multiagent Requirements Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Cooperation Among Heterogeneous Intelligent Systems", address = "Anaheim, California", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @TechReport{Roboam:1990:EMNa, author = "Michel Roboam and Mark Fox and Katia Sycara", title = "Enterprise Management Network Architecture---The Organization Layer", number = "CMU-RI-TR-90-22", institution = "Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", year = "1990", } @TechReport{Roboam:1990:EMNb, author = "Michel Roboam and Mark Fox and Katia Sycara", title = "Enterprise Management Network Architecture---Distributed Knowledge Base Support", number = "CMU-RI-TR-90-21", institution = "Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Rodriguez:1996:CUI, title = "Counterfactuals and updates as inverse modalities", author = "P-Y. Schobbens {M. Ryan, O. Rodriguez}", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Article{Rokey:1990:PPT, author = "Mark Rokey and Sven Grenander", title = "Planning for pace Telerobotics : The Remote Mission Specialist", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "8--15", year = "1990", month = jun, volume = "5", number = "3", abstract = "Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Action planning for a repair robot is done in two ways : global plan that is a sequence of actions with preconditions giving partial order, and expansion of global plan using feedback from the real world to overcome unpredictable events.", } @PhdThesis{Rosenblitt:1990:SCP, author = "David A. Rosenblitt", title = "Supporting Collaborative Planning: {T}he Plan Integration Problem", school = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1982:SMA, author = "Jeffery S. Rosenschein", title = "Synchronization of Multi-Agent Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", pages = "115--119", month = Aug, year = "1982", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 187--191, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", abstract = "Computer Science Dept Stanford Univ. A set of communication primitives are defined which are used to synchronize multiple agents when they create plans", } @Article{Rosenschein:1983:RAD, author = "Stan Rosenschein", title = "Reasoning about Distributed Action", journal = "SIGART Newsletter", volume = "84", pages = "7", year = "1983", } @TechReport{Rosenschein:1983:UML, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and Vineet Singh", title = "The Utility of Meta-Level Effort", number = "HPP-83-20", month = mar, year = "1983", institution = "Stanford Heuristic Programming Project", address = "Stanford University", } @TechReport{Rosenschein:1984:CC, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and Michael R. Genesereth", title = "Communication and Cooperation", institution = "Stanford Heuristic Programming Project", year = "1984", number = "HPP-84-5", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1985:DAR, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and Michael R. Genesereth", title = "Deals Among Rational Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "91--99", month = Aug, year = "1985", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 227--234, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @PhdThesis{Rosenschein:1985:RIC, author = "Jeffery Solomon Rosenschein", title = "Rational Interaction: {C}ooperation Among Intelligent Agents", school = "Stanford University", month = oct, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1986:CC, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and Matthew L. Ginsberg and Michael R. Genesereth", title = "Cooperation Without Communication", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Philadelphia, PA", pages = "51--57", month = Aug, year = "1986", } @PhdThesis{Rosenschein:1986:RIC, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Rational Interaction Cooperation Among Intelligent Agents", school = "Stanford Univ.", year = "1986", abstract = "A definition of rationality used from game theory is applied to expert systems during planning.", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1987:CCA, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and Michael R. Genesereth", title = "Communication and Cooperation Among Logic-Based Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications", address = "Scottsdale, AZ", pages = "594--600", month = Feb, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1988:RKL, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "The Role of Knowledge in Logic-Based Rational Interactions", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications", address = "Scottsdale, AZ", pages = "497--504", month = Feb, year = "1988", } @InCollection{Rosenschein:1989:CFIa, author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein and John S. Breese", title = "Communication-Free Interactions among Rational Agents: {A} Probablistic Approach", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", pages = "99--118", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Rosenschein:1989:CFIb, author = "J. S. Rosenschein and J. S. Breese", title = "Communication-free Interactions among Rational Agents: {A} probabilistic Approach", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Vol. II", publisher = "Pitman Publishing Ltd.", year = "1989", editor = "L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns", } @Article{Rosenschein:1994:DCA, author = "J. S. Rosenschein and G. Zlotkin", title = "Designing Conventions for Automated Negotition", journal = "AI Magazine", year = "1994", month = "Fall", pages = "29--46", } @InProceedings{Rosenschein:1995:MPS, title = "Multiagent Planning as a Social Process: Voting, Privacy, and Manipulation", author = "Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "431", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @Book{Ross:1988:FCP, author = "Sheldon Ross", title = "A First Course in Probability", publisher = "Macmillan", year = "1988", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Rowley:1987:JUA, author = "Steve Rowley and Howard Shrobe and Robert Cassels", title = "Joshua: {U}niform Access to Heterogeneous Knowledge Structures or Why Joshing is Better than Conniving or Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Seattle, WA", pages = "48--52", month = Jul, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Roychowdhury:1996:ELI, author = "Shounak Roychowdhury and Neeraj Arora and Sandip Sen", title = "Effects of local information on group behavior.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @TechReport{Rumelhart:1976:TIM, author = "D. E. Rumelhart", title = "Toward an Interactive Model of Reading", number = "56", institution = "Center for Human Information Processing, University of California", address = "San Diego, California", year = "1976", } @TechReport{Russell:1985:CGM, author = "Stuart Russell", title = "The Compleat Guide to {MRS}", number = "KSL No. 85-12", institution = "Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = Jun, year = "1985", } @Book{Russell:1995:AIM, author = "Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig", title = "Artificial Intelligence: {A} Modern Approach", year = "1995", publisher = "Prentice Hall", } @InProceedings{Ryan:1995:GGC, author = "Conor Ryan", title = "{GPR}obots and {GPT}eams - Competition, co-evolution and co-operation in Genetic Programming", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Genetic Programming", year = "1995", editor = "E. S. Siegel and J. R. Koza", pages = "86--93", address = "Menlo Park, CA", month = "10--12 " # nov, publisher = "AAAI", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming", url = "ftp://odyssey.ucc.ie/pub/genetic/robots.ps.Z", size = "8 pages", notes = "AAAI-95f GP", } @InProceedings{Ryan:1996:FOS, title = "Feature oriented specifications", author = "Mark Ryan", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Article{Sacerdoti:1974:PHA, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "5", pages = "115--135", year = "1974", } @InProceedings{Sacerdoti:1975:NNP, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "The Nonlinear Nature of Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "206--214", month = Aug, year = "1975", } @Book{Sacerdoti:1977:SPB, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "A Structure for Plans and Behavior", publisher = "Elsevier", year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Sacerdoti:1978:WLU, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "What Language Understanding Research Suggests About {D}istributed {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Networks Workshop", pages = "8--11", year = "1978", note = "Published by the Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania", } @InProceedings{Sacerdoti:1979:PST, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "Problem Solving Tactics", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "1077--1085", month = Aug, year = "1979", } @Article{Sacerdoti:1980:PST, author = "Earl D. Sacerdoti", title = "Problem Solving Tactics", journal = "AI Magazine", pages = "7--15", year = "1980", } @TechReport{Sadeh:1989:PPT, author = "N. Sadeh and M. S. Fox", title = "Preference Propagation in Temporal/Capacity Constraint Graphs", institution = "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University", type = "Technical report", year = "1989", number = "CMU-RI-TR-89-2", month = jan, } @InProceedings{Sakkinen:1988:DSC, author = "Markku Sakkinen", title = "On the darker side of {C++}", booktitle = "Proceedings of European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming 1988", pages = "162--176", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Sanchez:1995:PEI, title = "{PARA}gente: Exploring the Issues in Agent-Based User Interfaces", author = "J. Alfredo S\'{a}nchez and Fl\'{a}vio S. Azevedo and John J. Leggett", pages = "320--327", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Alternative styles for human-computer interaction and human-human computer-mediated communication are needed to assist users in dealing with the ever-growing and complex information spaces at their disposal. PARAgente is a comprehensive research initiative aimed at investigating the issues, requirements and potential of interfaces which are based on user agents. This paper discusses major issues that must be addressed if agents are to become accepted by users in their interaction with computer systems. A testbed designed to explore these issues in the context of an open hypermedia system is also presented.", keywords = "User agents, agent-based user interfaces, hypermedia systems, PARAgente, HyperActive, AcTool, User Interface Issues for Multi-agent Systems Integrated Testbeds and Development Environments", } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1993:ICNa, author = "Toumas Sandholm", title = "An Implementation of the Contract Net Protocol Based on Marginal Cost Calculation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "256--262", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1993:ICNb, author = "Tuomas Sandholm", title = "An Implementation of the Contract Net Protocol Based on Marginal Cost Calculations", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1993", address = "Washington", pages = "256--262", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1995:CFA, author = "Tuomas W. Sandholm and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Coalition Formation amoung Bounded Rational Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "662--669", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1995:EAP, author = "Tuomas W. Sandholm and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Equilibrium Ananlysis of the Possibilities of Unenforced Exchange in Multiagent Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "694--701", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1995:IAN, title = "Issues in Automated Negotiation and Electronic Commerce: Extending the Contract Net Framework", author = "Tuomas Sandholm and Victor Lesser", pages = "328--335", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper we discuss a number of previously unaddressed issues that arise in automated negotiation among self-interested agents whose rationality is bounded by computational complexity. These issues are presented in the context of iterative task allocation negotiations. First, the reasons why such agents need to be able to choose the stage and level of commitment dynamically are identified. A protocol that allows such choices through conditional commitment breaking penalties is presented. Next, the implications of bounded rationality are analyzed. Several tradeoffs between allocated computation and negotiation benefits and risk are enumerated, and the necessity of explicit local deliberation control is substantiated. Techniques for linking negotiation items and multiagent contracts are presented as methods for escaping local optima in the task allocation process. Implementing both methods among self-interested bounded rational agents is discussed. Finally, the problem of message congestion among self-interested agents is described, and alternative remedies are presented.", keywords = "Negotiation strategies - in both competitive and cooperative situations; Resource allocation in multiagent systems.", } @InProceedings{Sandholm:1995:MQL, author = "Tuomas W. Sandholm and Robert H. Crites", title = "On Multiagent {Q}-Learning in a Semi-competitive Domain", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "71--77", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "Q-learning is a recent reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that does not need a model of its environment and can be used on-line. Therefore it is well-suited for use in repeated games against an unknown opponent. Most RL research has been confined to single agent settings or to multiagent settings where the agents have totally positively correlated payoffs (team problems) or totally negatively correlated payoffs (zero-sum games). This paper is an empirical study of reinforcement learning in the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD), where the agents' payoffs are neither totally positively nor totally negatively correlated. RL is considerably more difficult in such a domain. This paper investigates the ability of a variety of Q-learning agents to play the IPD game against an unknown opponent. In some experiments, the opponent is the fixed strategy Tit-for-Tat, while in others it is another Q-learner. All the Q-learners learned to play optimally against Tit-for-Tat. Playing against another learner was more difficult because the adaptation of the other learner creates a nonstationary environment in ways that are detailed in the paper. The learners that were studied varied along three dimensions: the length of history they received as context, the type of memory they employed (lookup tables based on restricted history windows or recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that can theoretically store features from arbitrarily deep in the past), and the exploration schedule they followed. Although all the learners faced difficulties when playing against other learners, agents with longer history windows, lookup table memories, and longer exploration schedules fared best in the IPD games.", } @Article{Sathi:1986:CIP, author = "Arvind Sathi and Thomas E. Morton and Steven F. Roth", title = "Callisto: {A}n Intelligent Project Management System", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "34--52", year = "1986", } @InCollection{Sathi:1989:CDN, author = "Arvind Sathi and Mark S. Fox", title = "Constraint-Directed Negotiation of Resource Reallocations", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Michael N. Huhns and Les Gasser", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Sauers:1983:RFE, author = "Ron Sauers and Rick Walsh", title = "On The Requirements of Future Expert Systems", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "110--115", year = "1983", abstract = "Artificial Intelligence Unit, Martin Marietta Corporation", } @InProceedings{Schaerf:1995:ALB, author = "Andrea Schaerf and Yoav Shoham and Moshe Tennenholtz", title = "Adaptive Load Balancing: a study in co-learning", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "78--83", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "In our work we study the process of multi-agent reinforcement learning in the context of load balancing in a distributed system without use of either central coordination or explicit communication. We first define a precise framework in which to study adaptive load balancing, improtan features of which are its stochastic nature and the purely local inforamtion available to individual agents. Given this framework, we show illuminating results on the interplay between basic adaptive beehavior parameters and their effect on system efficiency. We then investigate the properties of adaptive load balancing in heterogeneous populations, and expose various phenomena related to the issue of exploration vs. exploitation in that context. In addition, we show that naive use of communication may not improve, and might even deteriorate system efficiency.", } @Article{Schank:1987:WAA, author = "Roger C. Schank", title = "What is {AI}, Anyway?", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "59--65", month = "Winter", year = "1987", } @Book{Schelling:1960:SC, author = "Thomas C. Schelling", title = "The Strategy of Conflict", publisher = "Harvard University Press", year = "1960", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @InProceedings{Schmidhuber:1996:TMA, author = "Jurgen Schmidhuber", title = "Theory of multi-agent learning in unrestricted environments.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Schobbens:1996:CLP, title = "A comparative logic for preferences", author = "P-Y. Schobbens", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @TechReport{Schoen:1986:CS, author = "Eric Schoen", title = "The {CAOS} System", number = "STAN-CS-86-1125", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = Mar, year = "1986", } @InProceedings{Schoppers:1987:UPR, author = "M. J. Schoppers", title = "Universal Plans for Reactive Robots in Unpredictable Environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Milan, Italy", pages = "1039--1046", month = Aug, year = "1987", } @Book{Scott:1987:ORN, author = "W. Richard Scott", title = "Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems", publisher = "Prentice-Hall, Inc.", year = "1987", address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ", } @Book{Searle:1969:SAE, author = "J. R. Searle", title = "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", year = "1969", address = "Cambridge", } @Book{Searle:1970:SAE, author = "John R. Searle", title = "Speech Acts: {A}n Essay in the Philosophy of Language", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", year = "1970", } @Article{Seitz:1985:CC, author = "Charles L. Seitz", title = "The Cosmic Cube", journal = "Communications of the ACM", pages = "22--33", year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Sekaran:1994:HH, author = "Mahendra Sekaran and Sandip Sen", title = "To help or not to help", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", year = "1994", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = jul, pages = "736--741", } @InProceedings{Sekaran:1994:LFF, author = "Mahendra Sekaran and Sandip Sen", title = "Learning with friends and foes", booktitle = "Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", pages = "800--805", year = "1994", } @MastersThesis{Sekaran:1994:RLB, author = "Mahendra Sekaran", title = "Reinforcement learning based agent coordination", school = "University of Tulsa", year = "1994", month = apr, address = "Tulsa, OK.", } @InProceedings{Seligman:1995:IMD, title = "Intelligent Monitoring of Distributed, Heterogeneous Data Sources", author = "Len Seligman and Kenneth P. Smith and Patricia L. Carbone and Cristopher Elsaesser and Paul E. Lehner and Michael S. V. Turner and April Milner", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Sellis:1990:ECL, author = "T. K. Sellis and N. Roussopoulos and R. T. Ng", title = "Efficient Compilation of Large Rule Bases Using Logical Access Paths", journal = "Information Systems", volume = "15", number = "1", year = "1990", pages = "73--84", } @InProceedings{Sen:1991:FSD, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "A Formal Study of Distributed Meeting Scheduling: {P}reliminary Results", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Organizational Computing Systems '91", address = "Atlanta, GA", pages = "55--68", month = nov, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Sen:1992:AMS, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Automated Meeting Scheduling among Heterogeneous Agents", booktitle = "Working Papers of the AAAI-92 Workshop on Cooperation among Heterogeneous Intelligent Agents", pages = "116--120", month = jul, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Sen:1992:FAC, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "A Formal Analysis of Communication and Commitment in Distributed Meeting Scheduling", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "333--342", month = feb, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Sen:1993:ARC, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Avoiding and resolving conflicts among cooperative scheduling agents", booktitle = "Proc. of IJCAI-93 Workshop on Computational Models of Conflict Management in Cooperative Problem Solving", month = aug, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sen:1993:DSP, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Dependent Subtask Processing in a Contract-Net for Manufacturing", booktitle = "Proc. of AAAI-93 Workshop on Intelligent Manufacturing Technology", pages = "7--13", month = jul, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sen:1993:ESB, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "The Effects of Search Bias on Flexibility in Distributed Scheduling", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "321--334", month = may, year = "1993", } @PhdThesis{Sen:1993:PTC, author = "Sandip Sen", title = "Predicting Tradeoffs in Contract-Based Distributed Scheduling", school = "University of Michigan", month = dec, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sen:1993:UTA, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Using Temporal Abstractions and Cancellations for Efficiency in Automated Meeting Scheduling", booktitle = "Proc. of the International Conference on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", pages = "163--172", month = may, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sen:1994:ASA, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Adaptive Surrogate Agents", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 13th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "320--333", month = jul, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Sen:1994:DAM, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "On the design of an adaptive meeting scheduler", booktitle = "Proc. of the Tenth IEEE Conference on AI Applications", pages = "40--46", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Sen:1994:LCS, title = "Learning to Coordinate without Sharing Information", author = "Sandip Sen and Mahendra Sekaran and John Hale", pages = "426--431", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @Article{Sen:1994:RCC, author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "The role of commitment in cooperative negotiation", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "67--81", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Sen:1995:MCL, author = "Sandip Sen and Mahendra Sekaran", title = "Multiagent coordination with learning classifier systems", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "84--89", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "", } @Misc{Sen:1995:RFP, author = "Sandip Sen and Mahendra Sekaran", title = "Reciprocity: {A} foundational principle for emergent cooperative behavior", note = "submitted to the {F}ourteenth {I}nternational {J}oint Conference on {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{Sen:1995:URA, author = "Sandip Sen and Mahendra Sekaran", title = "Using reciprocity to adapt to others", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "90--94", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "A key concern about the design of multiagent systems is the tradeoff between local autonomy and global performance. If agents can be assumed to be working towards a common goal or to be cooperative in nature, significant overall performance improvements can be obtained over selfish and uncooperative agents. In a distributed and open system, assumptions about a system-wide common goal or about the philanthropic nature of agents are unrealistic. We provide a simple behavioral rule based on reciprocity that allows autonomous agents to effectively share workload with others. We use a package delivery domain to demonstrate how reciprocal behavior can allow agents to produce desirable global performance without sacrificing individual autonomy or efficiency. More interestingly, we show that agents who do not help others are less efficient with this mechanism than agents who share workloads with others. As a result, the best self-motivated actions lead to system-wide cooperation.", } @InProceedings{Sen:1995:USA, title = "Unsupervised Surrogate Agents and Search Bias Change in Flexible Distributed Scheduling", author = "Sandip Sen and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "336--343", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Computational infrastructures for cooperative work should contain embedded agents for handling many routine tasks, but as the number of agents increases and the agents become geographically and/or conceptually dispersed, supervision of the agents will become increasingly problematic. We argue that agents should be provided with deep domain knowledge that allos them to make justifiable decisions, rather than shallow models of users to mimic. In this paper, we use the application domain of distributed meeting scheduling to investigate how agents embodying deeper domain knowledge can choose among alternative strategies for searching their calendars in order to create flexible schedules within reasonable cost.", keywords = "Distributed search, intelligent negotiating agents", } @Book{Shakun:1988:ESD, author = "F. M. Shakun", title = "Evolutionalry Systems Design: Policy Making Under Complexity and Group Decision Support Systems", publisher = "Holden-Day", address = "Oakland, CA.", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Shavlik:1995:LIE, title = "Learning from instruction and experience in competitive situations", author = "Jude Shavlik and Richard Maclin", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of the ICML '95 Workshop on Agents that Learn from Other Agents", year = "1995", address = "Tahoe City, CA", editor = "Diana Gordon", } @Article{Shaw:1988:DKB, author = "M. Shaw and A. B. Whinston", title = "A Distributed Knowledge-Based Approach to Flexible Automation: The Contract-Net Framework", journal = "International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems", volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "85--104", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Shaw:1989:LAD, author = "Michael J. Shaw and Andrew B. Whinston", title = "Learning and Adaptation in Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @Article{Shaw:1990:ILR, author = "Michael J Shaw and James A. Gentry", title = "Inductive Learning for Risk Classification", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "47--53", year = "1990", month = feb, volume = "5", number = "1", abstract = "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Several techniques used in inductive learning are described including the star and probabilistic methods.", } @Article{Shaw:1996:CPS, title = "Cooperative Problem Solving and Learning in Multi-Agent Information Systems", author = "Michael J. Shaw", pages = "", journal = "International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Organizations", year = "1996", editor = "W. Raghupathi", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.", address = "Mahwah, NJ", abstract = "By first reviewing the underlying issues and related research, this paper describes a framework for designing cooperative problem-solving systems, based on distributed artificial intelligence, in multi-agent information systems. Among the design issues, we identify the coordination mechanisms and learning schemes used to be of particular importance. These two aspects, therefore are the focus of the discussions. Examples of cooperative problem solving systems, such as a networked expert system testbed and an intelligent agent system for concurrent design, are used to illustrate the distributed artificial intelligence approach. In addition, multi-agent learning methods are described and evaluated, so that some of their characteristics and important parameters can be identified. Such a comprehensive survey is aimed at providing the foundation for building future multi-agent information systems.", } @InProceedings{Shehory:1995:TAC, author = "Onn Shehory and Sarit Kraus", title = "Task allocation via coalition formation amoung autonomous agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "655--661", month = aug, address = "Montr\'{e}al, Canada", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", year = "1995", } @Article{Shen:1993:RRM, author = "Chia Shen and Krithi Ramamritham and John A. Stankovic", title = "Resource Reclaiming in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems", volume = "4", number = "4", month = apr, pages = "382--398", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Shen:1995:DMA, title = "{DIDE}: {A} Multi-Agent Environment for Engineering Design", author = "Weiming Shen and Jean-Paul Barthes", pages = "344--351", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Real-world concurrent engineering design projects require the cooperation of multidisciplinary design teams using sophisticated and powerful engineering tools. The individuals or the individual groups of the multidisciplinary design teams work parallelly and independently with the different engineering tools which are located in the different sites for often a long time. In order to ensure the coordination of the design activities of the different groups or the cooperation among the different engineering tools, it is necessary to develop an efficient distributed intelligent design environment. This paper proposes a distributed architecture for integrating such engineering tools in an open design environment organized as a population of asynchronous cognitive agents. Before introducing the general architecture and the communication protocol, issues about the agent architecture and the inter-agent communication are discussed. A prototype of such an environment with seven independent agents located in the different workstations and microcomputers is presented. A small mechanical design example is used for testing such an environment.", } @Article{Shenoy:1986:PBF, author = "Prakash P. Shenoy and Glenn Shafer", title = "Propagating Belief Functions with Local Computations", journal = "IEEE Expert", year = "1986", abstract = "Univ. of Kansas", } @InProceedings{Sheppard:1995:CGA, author = "John W. Sheppard and Steven L. Salzberg", title = "Combining Genetic Algorithms with Memory Based Reasoning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms", editor = "Larry Eshelman", year = "1995", address = "San Francisco, CA", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.", pages = "452--459", } @InCollection{Shimanoff:1984:CGI, author = "S. B. Shimanoff", title = "Coordinating Group Interaction via Communication Rules", booktitle = "Small Group Communication", publisher = "Wm. C. Brown", year = "1984", editor = "L. A. Samovar R. S. Cathcart", address = "Dubuque, Iowa", } @InBook{Shimanoff:1984:SGC, author = "S. B. Shimanoff", title = "Small Group Communication", chapter = "Coordinating Group Interaction via Communication Rules", publisher = "Wm. C. Brown", address = "Dubuque, Iowa", year = "1984", } @Article{Shin:1987:ICI, author = "Kang G. Shin and Mark E. Epstein", title = "Intertask Communications in an Integrated Multirobot System", journal = "IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation", volume = "RA3", number = "2", pages = "90--100", month = Apr, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Shoham:1991:ASA, author = "Yoav Shoham", title = "{AGENT0}: {A} simple agent language and its interpreter", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim", month = jul, pages = "704--709", } @InProceedings{Shoham:1992:SUS, author = "Yoav Shoham and Moshe Tennenholtz", title = "On the Synthesis of Useful Social Laws for Artificial Agent Societies (Preliminary Report)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "San Jose, CA", pages = "276--281", month = jul, year = "1992", } @Article{Shoham:1993:AOP, author = "Yoav Shoham", title = "Agent-oriented programming", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "60", pages = "51--92", year = "1993", } @Book{Shortliffe:1976:CBM, author = "E. H. Shortliffe", title = "Computer-Based Medical Consultations: {MYCIN}", publisher = "American Elsevier", year = "1976", } @Book{Shubik:1982:GTS, author = "Martin Shubik", title = "Game Theory in the Social Sciences: {C}oncepts and Solutions", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1982", } @InCollection{Sian:1991:ABC, author = "S. Sian", title = "Adaptation Based on Cooperative Learning in Multi-Agent Systems", booktitle = "Decentralize AI", volume = "2", editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. Muller", pages = "257--272", publisher = "Elsevier Science Publications", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Sichman:1995:ESR, title = "Exploiting Social Reasoning to Deal with Agency Level Inconsistency", author = "Jaime Sim{\~{a}}o Sichman and Yves Demazeau", pages = "352--359", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In a previous work (sichman94b), we presented the fundamental concepts of a social reasoning mechanism, which enables an agent to reason about the others using information about their goals, actions, resources and plans. In this paper we first place ourselves as an external observer to analyse the possible coupled outcomes of the social reasoning mechanisms of two different agents. We show that in some particular cases, different inferred dependence situations imply that the agents' mutual representations are inconsistent at an agency level. Then, we detail our analysis in a particular case where the agents have the same plans (and believe in that), showing that some particular coupled outcomes can be explained either by incorrectness or incompleteness of mutual representation. In order to do that, we extend our previous model by introducing the notion of goal situation. Finally, we conclude by showing that these properties may be detected by the agents themselves if we supply them with an internal mechanism where they can manipulate the outcomes inferred both by their own social reasoning mechanism and by those of the others.", keywords = "reasoning about the others, dependence relations, incoherence of mutual representation, multi-agent belief revision, social structures and their significance in multi-agent systems, conceptual and theoretical foundations of multi-agent systems", } @Article{Siegel:1986:GPC, author = "J. Siegel and V. Dubrovsky and S. Kiesler and T. McGuire", title = "Group processes in computer-mediated communication", journal = "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes", year = "1986", volume = "37", pages = "157--187", } @Book{Sigmund:1995:GLE, title = "Games of Life: {E}xplorations in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour", editor = "Karl Sigmund", publisher = "Penguin Books", year = "1995", } @Book{Siljak:1991:DCC, author = "D. D. \v{S}iljak", key = "Siljak", title = "Decentralized Control of Complex Systems", publisher = "Academic Press, Inc.", year = "1991", address = "Boston", } @InProceedings{Silverman:1995:IAS, title = "Intelligent Agents in Software Reuse Repositories", author = "Barry G. Silverman and Nabil Bedewi and Alfredo Morales", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Book{Simkin:1971:MDC, author = "W. E. Simkin", title = "Mediation and the Dynamics of Collective Bargaining", publisher = "The Bureau of National Affairs", address = "Washington, D.C.", year = "1971", } @Book{Simon:1957:MM, author = "Herbert A. Simon", title = "Models of Man", publisher = "John Wiley \& Sons", year = "1957", address = "New York", } @Book{Simon:1968:SA, author = "Herbert A. Simon", title = "The Sciences of the Artificial", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1968", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @Book{Simon:1969:SA, author = "Herbert A. Simon", title = "The Sciences of the Artificial", publisher = "MIT Press", year = "1969", } @Article{Simon:1973:SIS, author = "Herbert A. Simon", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", title = "The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems", volume = "4", pages = "181--201", year = "1973", abstract = "Carnegie Mellon Univ. Ill structured and well structured problems are compared as to how one may characterize them and then solve them.", } @InCollection{Simon:1978:IPT, author = "Herbert A. Simon", title = "Information-Processing Theory of Human Problem Solving", booktitle = "Human Information Processing", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1978", editor = "W. K. Estes", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", pages = "271--295", note = "Handbook of Learning and Cognition, Volume 5", } @InProceedings{Simone:1995:MAA, title = "A multi-agent approach to the design of coordination mechanisms", author = "Carla Simone and Monica Divitini and Kjeld Schmidt and Peter Carstensen", pages = "460", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "For the purpose of designing coordination mechanisms for CSCW systems ('computational mechanisms of interaction') that support cooperating actors in managing the complexity of articulating their distributed and yet interdependent activities, a multi-agent architecture is proposed. Based on evidence from empirical studies of uses of artifactually embodied protocols for articulating cooperative activities, a set of constitutive agents and a characterization of their communication needs has been derived. The paper focuses on the primitives devoted to dynamic reconfiguration of computational mechanisms of interaction (C-MOIs), distributed cooperative control of propagation of changes to C-MOIs, and interoperation among multiple C-MOIs. The agents' Communication Language is constituted by primitives representing various modes of relating C-MOIs: reference, awareness, recursiveness, and linking.", keywords = "Cooperation, coordination, and conflict. Organization, organizational knowledge, and organization self-design.", } @TechReport{Singh:1988:CSM, author = "Baldev Singh and Ira R. Forman", title = "Coordination Systems: Manual Interactions", number = "STP-229-88", institution = "Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation", address = "Austin, TX", month = Sep, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Singh:1990:EAC, author = "Munindar P. Singh", title = "The effect of agent control strategy on the performance of a {DAI} pursuit problem", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", month = oct, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Singh:1991:TFT, author = "Munindar Singh", title = "Towards a Formal Theory of Communication for Multiagent Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = Aug, year = "1991", } @Book{Slade:1987:PLD, author = "Stephen Slade", title = "The {T} Programming Language: {A} Dialect of {L}isp", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1987", } @Article{Slade:1991:CBR, author = "Stephen Slade", title = "Case--Based Reasoning: {A} research paradigm", year = "1991", journal = "AI Magazine", pages = "42--55", volume = "12", number = "1", month = "Spring", } @InProceedings{Slyke:1995:TBU, title = "Trust Between Users and Their Intelligent Agents", author = "Craig Van Slyke and Rosann Webb Collins", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @PhdThesis{Smith:1978:FPS, author = "Reid Garfield Smith", title = "A Framework for Problem Solving in a Distributed Processing Environment", school = "Stanford University", month = Dec, year = "1978", note = "A revised version was published by {UMI} Research Press", } @InProceedings{Smith:1979:FDP, author = "Reid G. Smith", title = "A Framework for Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "836--841", month = Aug, year = "1979", } @Article{Smith:1980:CNP, author = "Reid G. Smith", title = "The Contract Net Protocol: {H}igh-Level Communication and Control in a Distributed Problem Solver", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-29", number = "12", pages = "1104--1113", month = Dec, year = "1980", abstract = "The Contract Net protocol is presented, a high-level protocol for communication among the nodes in a distributed problem solver. It facilitates distributed control of cooperative task distribution (task-sharing) with efficient internode communication. This paper presents in more detail the complications and extensions to the protocol than the Negotiation as a Metaphor ... paper.", } @Article{Smith:1981:FCD, author = "Reid G. Smith and Randall Davis", title = "Frameworks for Cooperation in Distributed Problem Solving", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "61--70", month = Jan, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 61--70, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @InCollection{Smith:1984:EAI, author = "J. M. Smith", title = "The Evolution of Animal Intelligence", booktitle = "Minds, Machines and Evolution", editor = "C. Hookway", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", year = "1984", } @Article{Smith:1985:RDA, author = "Reid G. Smith", title = "Report on the 1984 Distributed Artificial Intelligence Workshop", journal = "AI Magazine", year = "1985", volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "234--243", month = "Fall", } @InProceedings{Smith:1985:UMP, author = "S. F. Smith and P. S. Ow", title = "The Use of Multiple Problem Decompositions in Time-Constrained Planning Tasks", booktitle = "Proceedings 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, California", month = aug, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Smith:1986:IMS, author = "S. F. Smith and P. S. Ow and C. LePape and B. McLaren and N. Muscettola", title = "Integrating Multiple Scheduling Perspectives to Generate Detailed Production Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings SME Conference on AI in Manufacturing", address = "Long Beach, CA", month = sep, year = "1986", } @InCollection{Smith:1987:CBF, author = "S. F. Smith", title = "A Constraint-Based Framework for Reactive Management of Factory Schedules", editor = "M. Oliff", booktitle = "Expert Systems and the Leading Edge in Production Planning and Control", publisher = "Benjamin Cummings Publishers", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Smith:1987:IDPa, author = "Stephen F. Smith and Juha E. Hynynen", title = "Integrated Decentralization of Production Management: {A}n approach for factory scheduling", booktitle = "Intelligent and Integrated Manufacturing Analysis and Synthesis", editor = "C. R. Liu and A. Requicha and S. Chandrasekar", pages = "427--439", publisher = "The American Society of Mechanical Engineers", address = "New York", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Smith:1987:IDPb, author = "S. F. Smith and J. E. Hynynen", title = "Integrated Decentralization of Production Management: An Approach for Factory Scheduling", booktitle = "Proceedings ASME Annual Winter Conference: Symposium on Integrated and Intelligent Manufacturing", address = "Boston, MA", month = dec, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Smith:1987:PCSa, author = "David Smith and Martin Broadwell", title = "Plan Coordination in Support of Expert Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Knowledge-based Planning Workshop", address = "Austin, Texas", month = Dec, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Smith:1987:PCSb, author = "David Smith and Martin Broadwell", title = "Plan Coordination in Support of Expert Systems Integration", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Knowledge-Based Planning Workshop", year = "1987", pages = "12.1--12.6", month = dec, } @InProceedings{Smith:1988:PAO, author = "David Smith and Martin Broadwell", title = "The Pilot's Associate---An Overview", booktitle = "Proceedings of the SAE Aerotech Conference", address = "Los Angeles, CA", month = May, year = "1988", } @Article{Smith:1989:CBI, author = "D. E. Smith", title = "Controlling Backward Inference", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", pages = "145--208", year = "1989", month = jun, volume = "39", number = "2", abstract = "The shape of the search space of a knowledge base is mapped for a goal directed query system. Rules and facts are assessed bases upon how likely their use will be in providing a solution to a query. Optimal search strategies are defined based upone expected cost and probability of success. Alogorithms are given to assign a worth to each rule and production in the knowledge base.", } @TechReport{Smith:1991:UMP, author = "Mark Smith", title = "Using Massifvely-Parallel Supercomputers to Model Stochastic Spatial Predator-Prey Systems", institute = "University of Edinburgh", number = "EPCC-TR91-06", year = "1991", month = apr # " 17", notes = "Says to be published in International Journal of Ecological Modelling. A copy of the paper is ftp'able", } @Article{Smith:1993:SAS, author = "J. W. Smith and T. R. Johnson", title = "A Stratified Approach to Specifying, Designing, and Building Knowledge Systems", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "15--25", year = "1993", month = Jun, volume = "8", number = "3", } @InProceedings{Smith:1995:TSS, title = "Toward a Semantics for a Speech Act Based Agent Communications Language", author = "Ira A. Smith and Philip R. Cohen", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Snyder:1991:RCP, author = "M. A. Snyder", title = "Reply: {A} Commentary on the Paper by {Jain} and {Binford}", journal = "CVGIP: Graphic Models and Image Understanding", volume = "53", number = "1", pages = "118--119", month = jan, year = "1991", } @Article{So:1992:DPS, author = "Y.-P. So and E. H. Durfee", title = "A Distributed Problem Solving Infrastructure for Computer Network Management", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", month = jun, year = "1992", pages = "363--392", volume = "1", number = "2", } @InProceedings{Soloway:1977:LPD, author = "Elliot M. Soloway and Edward M. Riseman", title = "Levels of pattern description in learning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "801--811", month = Aug, year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Sommaruga:1995:PTD, title = "From Practice to Theory in Designing Autonomous Agents", author = "Lorenzo Sommaruga and Nadia Catenazzi", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Sommaruga:1995:SPD, title = "Some Principles in Designing Cooperative Architectures of Autonomous Agents", author = "Lorenzo Sommaruga and Nadia Catenazzi", pages = "461", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The purpose of this paper is to introduce some principles, in the form of assumptions, which could be useful to consider in developing agents architecture. These principles provide design guidelines concerning agent and group structuring, communication, decision making, and computational aspects for agent cooperation. They generate requirements and constraints for cooperative agents development. These principles have been derived from a long experience in designing and implementing architectural frameworks for agent cooperation, the CooperA project. In particular, basic characteristics of autonomous agents have been formalised in a computational model.", } @InProceedings{Sorensen:1995:PPS, title = "{PSUN}: {A} Profiling System for Usenet News", author = "H. Sorensen and M. McElligott", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Article{Spangler:1978:TWE, author = "E. Spangler and M. A. Gordon and R. M. Pipkin", title = "Token Women: An Empirical Test of Kanter's Hypothesis", journal = "American Journal of Sociology", year = "1978", volume = "85", pages = "160--170", } @PhdThesis{Sproull:1977:SCU, author = "Robert F. Sproull", title = "Strategy Construction using a Synthesis of Heuristic and Decision-theoretic Methods", school = "Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = jul, year = "1977", note = "(Also published as Technical Report CSL-77-2, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California, July, 1977.)", } @Article{Sridharan:1987:RWD, author = "N. S. Sridharan", title = "Report on the 1986 Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "75--85", month = "Fall", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Stabile:1982:FBC, author = "Lawrence A. Stabile", title = "Frame-Based Computer Network Monitoring", booktitle = "AAAI", pages = "327--330", year = "1982", abstract = "Prime Computer, Inc. 500 Old Connection path,Framingham Mass.", } @Article{Stankovic:1984:PDCa, author = "J. Stankovic", title = "A Perspective on Distributed Computer Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-33", number = "12", month = Dec, year = "1984", } @Article{Stankovic:1984:PDCb, author = "J. A. Stankovic", title = "A Perspective on Distributed Computing Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", year = "1984", volume = "C--33", number = "12", pages = "1102--1115", month = dec, } @Article{Stankovic:1984:STA, author = "J. A. Stankovic", title = "Simulations of Three Adaptive, Decentralized Controlled, Job Scheduling Algorithms", journal = "Computer Networks", year = "1984", volume = "8", pages = "199--217", } @Article{Stankovic:1985:ABD, author = "J. A. Stankovic", title = "An application of Bayesian decision theory to decentralized control of job scheduling", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", year = "1985", volume = "C-34", number = "2", month = feb, pages = "117--130", } @Article{Stankovic:1985:EFT, author = "John A. Stankovic and Krithivasan Ramamritham and Sheng-Chang Cheng", title = "Evaluation of a Flexible Task Scheduling Algorithm for Distributed Hard Real-Time Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-34", number = "12", pages = "1130--1143", month = Dec, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Stankovic:1987:DSK, author = "J. A. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham", title = "The design of the Spring Kernel", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1987 Real-time Systems Symposium", year = "1987", month = dec, } @Book{Stankovic:1987:THR, author = "J. Stankovic and K. Ramamritham", title = "Tutorial on Hard Real-Time Systems", publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", year = "1987", } @Article{Stankovic:1990:EWP, author = "John A. Stankovic and Krithi Ramamritham", title = "Editorial: What is Predictability for Real-Time Systems?", journal = "The Journal of Real-Time Systems", volume = "2", pages = "247--254", year = "1990", } @Article{Stansfield:1986:ARB, author = "Sharon A. Stansfield", title = "{ANGY}: {A} Rule-Based Expert System for Automatic Segmentation of Coronary Vessels From Digital Subtracted Angiograms", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "PAMI-8", number = "2", pages = "188--199", month = mar, year = "1986", abstract = "Department of Computer Science Univ. of Pennsylvania", } @InCollection{Star:1987:SIS, author = "Susan Leigh Star", title = "The Structures of Ill-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogeneous Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "1", editor = "Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1987", } @InCollection{Star:1989:SIS, author = "Susan Leigh Star", title = "{The Structure of Ill-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogeneous Distributed Problem Solving}", pages = "37--54", editor = "L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II", publisher = "Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann", address = "London", year = "1989", } @TechReport{Steeb:1986:CIR, author = "R. Steeb and S. Cammarata and S. Narain and J. Rothenburg and W. Giarla", title = "Cooperative Intelligence for Remotely Piloted Vehicle Fleet Control", institution = "Rand Corporation", type = "Technical Report", year = "1986", number = "R-3408-ARPA", month = oct, } @InCollection{Steeb:1988:ADA, author = "R. Steeb and S. Cammarata and F. Hayes-Roth and P. Thorndyke and R. Wesson", title = "Architectures for Distributed Air-Traffic Control", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufman", pages = "90--101", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Steeb:1988:DIA, author = "R. Steeb and S. Cammarata and F. A. Hayes-Roth and P. W. Thorndyke and R. B. Wesson", title = "Distributed Intelligence for Air Fleet Control", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "90--101", year = "1988", } @Book{Steele84:Common, author = "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}", title = "Common Lisp: {T}he language", publisher = "Digital Press", year = "1984", } @Article{Steels:1990:CE, author = "Luc Steels", title = "Components of Expertise", journal = "AI Magazine", pages = "29--49", year = "1990", month = "Summer", volume = "11", number = "2", abstract = "Free University of Brussels. Different strategies for expert systems are described. The distinction between surface and deep knowledge is discussed.", } @PhdThesis{Stefik:1980:PC, author = "Mark Jeffrey Stefik", title = "Planning with Constraints", school = "Stanford University", year = "1980", } @Article{Stefik:1981:PCM, author = "Mark Stefik", title = "Planning with Constraints ({MOLGEN}: {P}art 1)", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "16", pages = "111--140", year = "1981", } @Article{Stefik:1981:PMP, author = "Mark Stefik", title = "Planning and Meta-planning ({MOLGEN}: {P}art 2)", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "16", pages = "141--170", year = "1981", } @Article{Stefik:1982:OES, author = "Mark Stefik and Jan Aikins and Robert Balzer and John Beniot and Lawrence Birnbaum and Frederick Hayes-Roth and Earl Sacerdoti", title = "The Organization of Expert Systems, {A} tutorial", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "18", pages = "135--172", year = "1982", } @Article{Stefik:1987:BCU, author = "M. Stefik and G. Foster and D. G. Bobrow and K. Kahn and S. Lanning and L. Suchman", title = "Beyond the chalkboard: Using computers to support collaboration and problem solving in meetings", journal = "Communications of the ACM", year = "1987", volume = "30", pages = "32--47", } @InCollection{Steiner:1995:I, author = "D. Steiner", title = "{IMAGINE}", booktitle = "Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Wiley Inter-Science", year = "1995", chapter = "13", editor = "G. O'Hare and N. Jennings", note = "Forthcoming", } @InProceedings{Stemple:1984:SVA, author = "David Stemple and Tim Sheard", title = "Specification and Verification of Abstract Database Types", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd {ACM} {SIGACT-SIGMOD} Symposium on Principles of Database Systems", address = "Waterloo, Ontario", pages = "248--257", month = apr, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Stephens:1989:AOE, author = "Larry M. Stephens and Matthias B. Merx", title = "Agent organization as an effector of {DAI} system performance", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 9th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", month = sep, year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Stephens:1990:EAC, author = "Larry M. Stephens and Matthias B. Merx", title = "The Effect of Agent Control Strategy on the Performance of a {DAI} Pursuit Problem", year = "1990", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Oct, } @InProceedings{Stephens:1995:BAI, title = "Behavior Analysis and Intelligent Agent Theory", author = "Kenneth R. Stephens", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Book{Stevens:1992:APU, author = "W. Richard Stevens", title = "Advanced Programming in the {UNIX} Environment", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1992", } @Book{Stinchcombe:1987:CST, author = "Arthur L. Stinchcombe", title = "Constructing Social Theories", publisher = "University of Chicago Press", year = "1987", address = "Chicago", } @Book{Stinchcombe:1990:IO, author = "Arthur L. Stinchcombe", title = "Information and Organizations", publisher = "University of California Press", year = "1990", address = "Berkeley, CA", } @InProceedings{Stone:1996:LCS, author = "Peter Stone and Manuela Veloso", title = "Learning: {A} Case Study in Robotic Soccer.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @Book{Straker:1992:CSS, author = "David Straker", title = "{C} Style: Standards and Guidelines", publisher = "Prentice Hall", year = "1992", } @Book{Strauss:1978:NVP, author = "A. Strauss", title = "Negotiations: Varieties, Processes, Contexts, and Social Order", publisher = "Jossey Bass", address = "San Francisco", year = "1978", } @Book{Stroustrup:1987:PL, author = "B. Stroustrup", title = "The ${C}^{++}$ Programming Language", publisher = "Addison Wesley", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Stuart:1985:IMA, author = "Christopher J. Stuart", title = "An Implemenation of a Multi-Agent Plan Synchronizer", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "1031--1033", month = Aug, year = "1985", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 216--219, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @TechReport{Sugawara:1993:LLCa, author = "Toshiharu Sugawara and Victor R. Lesser", title = "On-line Learning of Coordination Plans", institution = "University of Massachusetts", type = "Computer Science Technical Report", year = "1993", number = "93--27", } @InProceedings{Sugawara:1993:LLCb, author = "T. Sugawara and V. Lesser", title = "On-Line Learning of Coordination Plans", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", month = may, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Sugawara:1995:LCP, title = "Learning Coordination Plans in Distributed {OS} Environments", author = "Toshiharu Sugawara and Victor Lesser", pages = "462", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Coordination is an essential technique in cooperative, distributed multi-agent systems. However, sophisticated coordination strategies are not always cost-effective in all problem-solving situations. This paper presents a learning method to acquire coordination plans for specific problem-solving situations so that the appropriate type of coordination strategy is used. This learning is accomplished by recording and analyzing traces of inferences after problem solving. The analysis results in identification of situations where inappropriate coordination strategies have caused redundant activities or the lack of timely execution of important activities, thus degrading system performance. Based on this identification, situation-specific coordination plans are created which use additional non-local information about activities in the networks to remedy the problem. An example from a real distributed problem-solving application involving diagnosis of a local area network is described.", } @InProceedings{Sugawara:1995:RPP, title = "Reusing past plans in distributed planning", author = "Toshiharu Sugawara", pages = "360--367", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper describes plan reuse in multiagent domains. In distributed planning, a plan is created by distributed centers of planner agents that have their own viewpoints. Plan reuse where a past plan result is reused for the new problem was proposed for single-agent planning and can achieve efficient planning. A special issue for applying it to distributed planning is that, even if the local agent thinks that the new problem is identical to a past problem, other agents may have quite different goals. Another issue is to realize efficient distributed planning, like in a single-agent case. This paper shows that the past plan can be reused regardless of other agents' goals under the assumption that the initial state has only ``in-facts.'' A generated plan and related information are stored as a plan template so that an agent can reuse it in future planning. This information includes generated plans, subgoals, non-local effects that may affect or be affected by other agents' plans, and their conflict resolution methods that were actually used. An agent can create a plan efficiently using a template, because it can skip a part of planning actions, detect conflicts in an early stage, and reduce communication costs. First, this paper presents the planning-with-reuse framework. Then how plan templates are created and reused is also illustrated using some block world examples. Finally, we experimentally show that efficient distributed planning can be achieved.", } @Article{Sugihara:1989:MSO, author = "K. Sugihara and T. Kikuno and N. Yoshida", title = "A Meeting Scheduler for Office Automation", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering", volume = "15", number = "10", pages = "1141--1146", month = Oct, year = "1989", } @Book{Sussman:1975:CMS, author = "Gerald Jay Sussman", title = "A Computer Model of Skill Acquisition", publisher = "American Elsevier", year = "1975", } @Book{Suzaki:1987:NMC, author = "Kiyoshi Suzaki", title = "The New Manufacturing Challenge", publisher = "The Free Press", year = "1987", } @Article{Swartout:1988:DSC, author = "William Swartout and Thomas Dean and Theodore Linden and Richard Fikes and Peter Cheeseman and Drew McDermott", title = "{DARPA Santa Cruz} Workshop on Planning", journal = "AI Magazine", pages = "115--131", year = "1988", abstract = "An overview of planning is given, along with a large bibliography about planning.", } @Article{Swartout:1989:DWP, author = "W. Swartout", title = "{DARPA} Workshop on Planning", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "9", number = "2", year = "1989", pages = "101--112", } @Article{Swartout:1991:ESE, author = "W. Swartout", title = "Empirical study of expert system development", journal = "Knowledge-Based Systems", volume = "4", number = "4", month = dec, year = "1991", pages = "101--112", } @InProceedings{Sycara-Cyranski:1985:APLa, author = "Katia Sycara-Cyranski", title = "Arguments of Persuasion in Labour Mediation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Los Angeles, CA", pages = "294--296", month = Aug, year = "1985", } @InProceedings{Sycara-Cyranski:1985:APLb, author = "Katia Sycara-Cyranski", title = "Arguments of persuasion in labor mediation", booktitle = "Proceedings of IJCAI-85", address = "Los Angeles, CA", year = "1985", pages = "294--296", } @InProceedings{Sycara-Cyranski:1985:PAR, author = "Katia Sycara-Cyranski", title = "Persuasive argumentation in resolution of collective bargaining impasses", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", address = "Irvine, CA", year = "1985", pages = "356--360", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1987:FCS, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Finding Creative Solutions in Adversarial Impasses", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", address = "Seattle, WA.", year = "1987", pages = "997--1003", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1987:PNC, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Planning for Negotiation: {A} Case-based Approach", booktitle = "{DARPA} Knowledge-Based Planning Workshop", pages = "11.1--11.10", month = Dec, year = "1987", } @PhdThesis{Sycara:1987:RAC, author = "Ekaterini P. Sycara", title = "Resolving Adversarial Conflicts: An Approach Integrating Case-Based and Analytic Methods", school = "Georgia Institute of Technology", address = "Atlanta, GA", month = Jun, year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1988:MAC, author = "Katia P. Sycara", title = "Multi-Agent Compromise via Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1988 Distributed AI Workshop", month = May, year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1988:RGC, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Resolving Goal Conflicts via Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "245--250", month = Aug, year = "1988", } @Article{Sycara:1988:UTC, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Utility Theory in Conflict Resolution", journal = "Annals of Operations Research", volume = "12", pages = "65--84", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1989:APO, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Argumentation: Planning Other Agents' Plans", booktitle = "Proceedings of IJCAI-89", address = "Detroit, MI", year = "1989", abstract = "The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon Univ. When cooperation can not be assumed between agents, a mechanism whereby the goals and behaviour of other agents can be modified to increase the cooperativeness of the agents is developed.", } @InCollection{Sycara:1989:MAC, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Multi-Agent Compromise via Negotiation", editor = "M. Huhns and L. Gasser", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II", publisher = "Pittman Publishing Ltd and Morgan Kaufmann", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Sycara:1989:MCN, author = "Katia P. Sycara", title = "Multiagent Compromise via Negotiation", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @Article{Sycara:1989:NPA, author = "Katia Sycara", title = "Negotiation Planning: An {AI} Approach", journal = "European Journal of Operational Research", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1990:IDC, author = "Katia Sycara and Steve Roth and Norman Sadeh and Mark Fox", title = "An Investigation into Distributed Constraint-Directed Factory Scheduling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1990:MRA, author = "Katia Sycara and Steve Roth and Norman Sadeh and Mark Fox", title = "Managing Resource Allocation in Multi-Agent Time-Constrained Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Planning Workshop", pages = "240--250", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @Article{Sycara:1991:DCH, author = "Katia Sycara and Steve Roth and Norman Sadeh and Mark Fox", title = "Distributed Constrained Heuristic Search", journal = "{IEEE} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", pages = "1446--1461", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Sycara:1995:CMI, title = "Coordination of Multiple Intelligent Agents in the Infosphere", author = "Katia P. Sycara", pages = "432", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", note = "(invited speaker talk)", } @Article{Taenzer:1989:OOS, author = "David Taenzer and Murthy Ganti and Sunil Podar", title = "Object-Oriented Software Reuse : The Yoyo Problem", journal = "Journal of Object-Oriented Programming", pages = "30--35", year = "1989", volume = "2", number = "3", abstract = "discusses the problem of having to go up and down the class hierarchy when extending classes with inheritance, as opposed to the more straight-forward technique of making new classes containing other classes", } @InProceedings{Tahara:1996:FSA, title = "Formal Semantics of Agent Evolution in the language {F}lage", author = "Y. Tahara and F. Kumeno and A. Ohsuga and S. Honiden", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Tambe:1995:AAG, title = "Agent and Agent-Group Tracking in a Real-time Dynamic Environment", author = "Milind Tambe", pages = "368--375", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "Agent tracking is an important capability that an intelligent automated agent requires for interacting with other agents. It involves monitoring the observable actions of other agents as well as inferring their unobserved actions or high-level plans, goals and behaviors. This paper analyzes the challenges of agent tracking in a {"}real-world{"}, dynamic, multi-agent environment of air-combat simulation. An intelligent automated pilot in this environment faces the challenge of tracking the highly flexible actions and behaviors of other individuals or groups of pilots, while interacting with them, and dealing with imperfect sensors and real-time pressures. The paper introduces an approach for recursive agent tracking that enables an automated pilot to meet this challenge, and even take advantage of the imperfect sensors to engage in deception. The paper introduces some optimizations to address real-time pressures and presents experimental data from an actual implementation to illustrate their impact. Agents in other competitive or collaborative dynamic multi-agent environments, such as {"}virtual reality{"} environments, could conceivably benefit from this agent tracking approach.", } @InProceedings{Tambe:1996:AAT, author = "Milind Tambe and Lewis Johnson and Wei-Min Shen", title = "Adaptive Agent Tracking in Real-world Multiagent domains: {A} Preliminary Report.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Tan:1993:MAR, author = "Ming Tan", title = "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Independent Vs. Cooperative Agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Machine Learning", pages = "330--337", month = jun, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Tan:1996:MDS, title = "Modeling deontic states in {P}etri nets", author = "{J-F Raskin, Y-H Tan} and L. van der Torre", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Book{Tanimoto:1987:EAI, author = "Steven L. Tanimoto", title = "The Elements of Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Computer Science Press", address = "Rockville, Maryland", year = "1987", abstract = "chapter 7 contains information on probabilistic reasoning, including probabilities, fuzzy logic, and a little bit on Dempster-Shafer calculus.", } @Book{Tatar:1987:PGC, author = "Deborah G. Tatar", title = "A Programmer's Guide to Common Lisp", publisher = "Digital Press", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{Tate:1975:IGT, author = "Austin Tate", title = "Interacting Goals and Their Use", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "215--218", month = aug, year = "1975", } @TechReport{Tate:1976:NHN, author = "Austin Tate", title = "{NONLIN}: {A} Hierarchical Non-Linear Planner", institution = "Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh", year = "1976", } @InProceedings{Tate:1977:GPN, author = "Austin Tate", title = "Generating Project Networks", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Tiblisi, Georgia, USSR", pages = "888--893", month = Aug, year = "1977", } @InCollection{Tate:1984:GSC, author = "Austin Tate", title = "Goal Structure --- Capturing the Intent of Plans", booktitle = "ECAI-84: Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence", editor = "T. O'Shea", publisher = "Elsevier", year = "1984", } @Article{Tate:1984:PMR, author = "A. Tate and A. M. Whiter", title = "Planning with Multiple Resource Constraints and an Application to a Naval Planning Problem", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", pages = "410--416", year = "1984", } @Article{Taub:1993:SS, author = "Eric Taub", title = "Sharing Schedules", journal = "MacUser", pages = "155--162", month = jul, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Taylor:1988:FAE, author = "R. N. Taylor and F. C. Belz and L. A. Clarke and L. Osterweil and W. W. Selby and J. C. Wileden and A. L. Wolfe and M. Young", title = "Foundations for the {Arcadia} Environment Architecture", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN Software Engineering Symposium on Practical Software Development Environments", year = "1988", pages = "1--12", address = "Boston, MA", month = Nov, annote = "Overview of Arcadia I.", } @InProceedings{Tennenholtz:1989:CME, author = "Moshe Tennenholtz and Yoram Moses", title = "On Cooperation in a Multi-Entity Model (Preliminary Report)", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "918--923", year = "1989", abstract = "Department of Applied Math and Computer Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel", } @Article{Tenney:1981:SDDa, author = "Robert R. Tenney and Nils R. {Sandell, Jr.}", title = "Structures for Distributed Decisionmaking", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "8", pages = "517--527", month = Aug, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 236--247, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @Article{Tenney:1981:SDDb, author = "Robert R. Tenney and Nils R. {Sandell, Jr.}", title = "Strategies for Distributed Decisionmaking", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1981", volume = "11", number = "8", month = aug, pages = "527--538", } @PhdThesis{Tenny:1979:DDM, author = "Robert R. Tenny", title = "Distributed Decision Making using a Distributed Model", school = "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA", month = Jun, year = "1979", note = "(Also published as Technical Report LIDS-TD-938, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, June 1979.)", } @InCollection{Terplan:1990:INM, author = "Kornel Terplan", title = "Integrated Network Management", booktitle = "Network Management and Control", editor = "Manu Malek and Mark Wall", publisher = "Plenum Press", address = "New York", pages = "31--57", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Thirunavukkarasu:1995:SAS, title = "Secret Agents - a Security Architecture for {KQML}", author = "Chelliah Thirunavukkarasu and Tim Finin and James Mayfield", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @Book{Thompson:1967:OA, author = "James D. Thompson", title = "Organizations in Action", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1967", address = "New York", } @InProceedings{Thorndyke:1981:ADP, author = "Perry W. Thorndyke and David McArthur and Stephanie Cammarata", title = "Autopilot: {A} Distributed Planner for Air Fleet Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1981", month = aug, address = "Vancouver, Canada", pages = "171--177", } @Article{Togai:1986:ESC, author = "Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe", title = "Expert System on a Chip: An Engine for Real-Time Approximate Reasoning", journal = "IEEE Expert", pages = "55--62", year = "1986", abstract = "AT\&T Laboratories", } @Book{Tosi:1984:TO, author = "Henry L. Tosi", title = "Theories of organization", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", year = "1984", address = "New York", edition = "Second Edition", } @Book{Touretzky:1984:LGI, author = "David S. Touretzky", title = "Lisp: {A} gentle introduction to symbolic computation", publisher = "Harper \& Row", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Truszkowski:1995:AMM, title = "An Agent Model in a Multiagent System Architecture for Automating Distributed Systems", author = "Walt Truszkowski and Jid\'{e} Odubiyi and Ed Ruberton", pages = "463", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper we discuss the conceptual foundation for a Multi-Agent System (MAS) which has been designed to provide easy access to distributed heterogeneous information and processes for a wide variety of users. A basic agent model has been developed and is used to characterize the agents of the MAS. Using this model three classes of agents have been currently identified and incorporated into the MAS testbed. These are: the user interface agent which serves as the main point of interaction between a user and the MAS; an agent manager which is responsible for coordinating the activities of a community of agents within the MAS; and domain agents whose specialized knowledge enable them to accomplish domain-specific tasks. In the context of the MAS testbed we are able to address several research issues such as user modeling, cooperative activity among agents, handling incomplete requests, and inter-agent and human user-to-agent interactions.", } @Book{Tubbs:1984:SAS, author = "Stewart L. Tubbs", title = "A Systems Approach to Small Group Interaction", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1984", edition = "second", } @InProceedings{Tuerker:1996:DCB, title = "Dynamically Changing behaviour", author = "Can Tuerker and Stefan Conrad and Gunter Saake", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @Article{Turoff:1982:CSG, author = "M. Turoff and S. R. Hiltz", title = "Computer support for group versus individual decisions", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications", year = "1982", volume = "30", pages = "82--90", } @InProceedings{Tzafestas:1995:BCI, title = "Beyond Cooperation-ism and Competition-ism (Exploring Social Phenomena with a Generalized Tit-For-Tat Model)", author = "Elpida S. Tzafestas", pages = "464", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The modeling of cooperative processes has up to now relied almost exclusively on traditional cognitive approaches, employing explicit representations of goals, beliefs and actions, as seen from an observer's viewpoint, thus underemphasizing the role of internal agent architectures. We propose here a generalized tit-for-tat agent model that is completely reactive and possesses the properties of adaptivity and scalability. We show how this (socio)biological model can be used to account for social behavior, i.e. behavior depending explicitly on the interaction of an agent with other agents in its environment. This is achieved through the defi- nition of {"}social{"} objects or properties, which can be abstract or have a material form, and that are perceivable, accessible and manipulable by the agents. Agents have internal, built-in, or else genetic, motivations to regulate these objects/properties to certain limits and act accordingly. The result of those actions are then visible and directly perceivable by all the agents of the community who seek individually to satisfy their internal needs according to this social feedback. To deploy the potential of the approach, we present three examples from different domains and de- monstrate on several instantiations of the same basic model a variety of social phenomena that derive from the differential expression of those matching motivations of individual agents. The power of the approach may be partly attributed to the presence of genetic variations in the agents' parameters which give rise to intricate dynamics. Finally, we give a sketch of the level of complexity that the system may attain and we briefly expose its relation with predictive systems.", keywords = "Cooperation, sociality.", } @InProceedings{Vane:1990:HAA, author = "R. R. Vane and P. E. Lehner", title = "Hypergames and {AI} in Automated Adversarial Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 {DARPA} Planning Workshop", pages = "198--206", month = Nov, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Velde:1994:CVK, author = "W. {Van de Velde}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence", editor = "T. Cohn", pages = "729--734", publisher = "John Wiley and Sons", title = "A constructivist view on knowledge engineering", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Velez-Sosa:1993:DLC, author = "Angel Velez-Sosa", title = "Division of Labor in the Central Place Foraging Behavior Problem", booktitle = "Artificial Life at Stanford 1993", year = "1993", editor = "John R. Koza", address = "Stanford, California", month = dec, organisation = "Stanford University", publisher = "Stanford Bookstore", keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming", ISBN = "0-18-171957-6", notes = "Part of koza:1993:alife Student works for course {"}Artificial Life{"} (Computer Science 425) at Stanford University offered during 1994 http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~koza/cs425.html", } @InProceedings{Velthuijsen:1987:PBS, author = "H. Velthuijsen and B. J. Lippolt and J. C. Vonk", title = "A parallel blackboard system for robot control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = aug, year = "1987", pages = "1157--1159", } @Article{Vere:1983:PTW, author = "S. A. Vere", title = "Planning in Time: {W}indows and Durations for Activities and Goals", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "246--267", month = May, year = "1983", } @InProceedings{Verrilli:1987:IRM, author = "Ralph J. Verrilli and Kenneth L. Meunier and John R. Dixon and Melvin K. Simmons", title = "Iterative Respecification Management: {A} Model for Problem-solving Networks in Mechanical Design", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ASME Computers in Engineering Conference", year = "1987", month = aug, } @InProceedings{Vidal:1995:RAM, title = "Recursive Agent Modeling using Limited Rationality", author = "Jos\'{e} M. Vidal and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "376--383", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We present an algorithm that an agent can use for determining which of its nested, recursive models of other agents are important to consider when choosing an action. Pruning away less important models allows an agent to take its {"}best{"} action in a timely manner, given its knowledge, computational abilities, and time constraints. We describe a theoretical framewwork, based on situations, for talking about recursive agent models and the strategies and expected strategies associated with them. This framework allows us to rigorously define the gain of continuing deliberation versus taking action. The expected gain of computational actionss is used to guide the pruning of the nested model structure. We have implemented our approach on a canonical multi-agent problem, the pursuit task, to illustrate how real-time, mulit-agent decision-making can be based on a principled, combinatorial model. Test results show a marked decrease in deliberation time while maintaining a good performance level.", keywords = "Algorithms for multi-agent interaction in time-constrained systems, Conceptual and theoretical foundations of multi-agent systems.", } @InProceedings{Vidal:1995:TPA, title = "Task Planning Agents in the {UMDL}", author = "Jos\'{e} M. Vidal and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InCollection{Voss:1988:SIS, author = "J. F. Voss and T. A. Post", title = "On the Solving of Ill-Structured Problems", booktitle = "The Nature of Expertise", editor = "M. Chi R. Glaser and M. Farr", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1988", } @InCollection{Vroom:1984:NMM, author = "V. H. Vroom", title = "A Normative Model of Managerial Decision Making", booktitle = "Organization Theory", editor = "D. S. Pugh", publisher = "Penguin Books", chapter = "16", pages = "256--276", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Wachsmuth:1995:VMI, title = "{VIENA}: {A} Multiagent Interface to a Virtual Environment", author = "Ipke Wachsmuth and Britta Lenzmann and Yong Cao", pages = "465", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper describes an application of a multiagent system for interaction with a virtual environment carried out in the VIENA project. The VIENA project has the following goals: enable an intelligent communication with a virtual environment, develop a multiagent system as a mediator in human-computer interaction, and explore its usefulness for interactive design and exploration. Instead of using the mouse and menus to manipulate scene details in a virtual environment we communicate with the system by way of natural language. Our aim is to keep the user (designer) free from technical considerations such as planning of geometric details, etc. Taking special responsibilities in mediating verbal instructions, the VIENA agents cooperate with each other and with the user to offer a goal scene meeting the user's wants. We explain the VIENA multiagent system, give an example application in virtual design, and discuss general advantages of multiagent systems in human-computer interaction.", keywords = "application of multiagent techniques in virtual design; intelligent user interfaces.", } @InProceedings{Wagner:1996:LOMa, title = "A Logical and Operational Model of Scalable Knowledge- and Perception-Based Agents", author = "Gerd Wagner", pages = "", booktitle = "Seventh European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World", month = Jan, year = "1996", address = "Eindhoven, The Netherlands", editor = "Rudy van Hoe", } @InProceedings{Wagner:1996:LOMb, title = "A Logical and Operational Model of Scalable Knowledge-Based Agents", author = "Gerd Wagner", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Waldinger:1977:ASG, author = "Richard Waldinger", title = "Achieving Several Goals Simultaneously", booktitle = "Machine Intelligence 8", pages = "94--136", year = "1977", } @InProceedings{Walker:1995:UEC, title = "Understanding the Emergence of Conventions in Multi-Agent Systems", author = "Adam Walker and Michael Wooldridge", pages = "384--389", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "In this paper, we investigate techniques via which a group of autonomous agents can reach a global agreement on the use of social conventions by using only locally available information. Such conventions play a central role in naturally-occurring social systems, and there are good reasons for supposing that they will play a similarly important role in artificial social systems. Following a short review of conventions and their use in distributed artificial intelligence, we present a formal model that rigorously defines both our experimental methodology, and the performance measures we use to quantify the success of our experiments. We then describe sixteen different mechanisms for bringing about agreement on conventions, and present experimental results obtained for each of these methods. A tentative analysis of these results is given, and the paper concludes with some comments and issues for future work.", keywords = "organization self-design, cooperation.", } @InCollection{Waltz:1975:ULD, author = "David Waltz", title = "Understanding Line Drawings of Scenes with Shadows", booktitle = "The Psychology of Computer Vision", editor = "Patrick Winston", pages = "19--91", publisher = "McGraw-Hill", year = "1975", } @Article{Wang:1985:LSD, author = "Yung-terng Wang and Robert J. T. Morris", title = "Load Sharing in Distributed Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", year = "1985", month = mar, pages = "204--217", volume = "C-34", number = "3", } @InProceedings{Washington:1989:IDM, author = "Richard Washington and Barbara Hayes-Roth", title = "Input Data Management in Real-Time {AI} Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1989", month = aug, pages = "250--255", address = "Detroit, MI", } @Book{Waterman:1986:GES, author = "D. A. Waterman", title = "A Guide to Expert Systems", publisher = "Addison Wesley", year = "1986", } @TechReport{Waters:1983:LEL, author = "Richard C. Waters", title = "Let{S}: {A}n expressional loop notation", type = "A. I. Memo", number = "680a", institution = "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", address = "Cambridge, MA 02139", month = Feb, year = "1983", } @Article{Watson:1994:CBR, author = "Ian Watson and Farhi Marir", year = "1994", title = "Case-Based Reasoning: {A} Review", journal = "The Knowledge Engineering Review", volume = "9", number = "4", } @Book{Weber:1947:TSE, author = "Max Weber", title = "The Theory of Social and Economic Organization", publisher = "Oxford University Press", year = "1947", address = "New York", note = "Translated and edited by A. M. Henderson and T. Parsons.", } @InProceedings{Weiss:1993:LCA, author = "Gerhard Wei{\ss}", title = "Learning to Coordinate Actions in Multi-Agent Systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "311--316", month = aug, year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Wellman:1991:PSG, title = "Preferential Semantics for Goals", author = "Michael P. Wellman and Jon Doyle", pages = "698--703", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", address = "Anaheim, CA", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Wellman:1992:GEA, author = "Michael P. Wellman", title = "A General-Equilibrium Approach to Distributed Transportation Planning", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = Jul, pages = "282--289", year = "1992", } @Article{Wellman:1993:MOP, author = "Michael Wellman", title = "A Market-Oriented Programming Environment and its Application to Distributed Multicommodity Flow Problems", journal = "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research", volume = "1", pages = "1--23", year = "1993", } @InProceedings{Wellman:1994:CMM, title = "A Computational Market Model for Distributed Configuration Design", author = "Michael P. Wellman", pages = "401--407", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @InProceedings{Werkman:1990:KBM, author = "Keith Werkman", title = "Knowledge-based Model of Negotiation Using Shareable Perspectives", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Texas", month = oct, } @PhdThesis{Werkman:1990:MCPa, author = "Keith James Werkman", title = "Multiagent Cooperative Problem Solving Through Negotiation and Perspective Sharing", school = "Lehigh University", year = "1990", } @PhdThesis{Werkman:1990:MCPb, author = "Keith J. Werkman", title = "Multiagent Cooperative Problem-Solving through Negotiation and Sharing of Perspectives", school = "Lehigh University", month = May, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Werkman:1995:NAI, title = "Negotiation amongst Intelligent Agents during Information Retrieval from the Web", author = "Keith J. Werkman", notes = "(Additional Papers)", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InCollection{Werner:1989:CAU, author = "Eric Werner", title = "Cooperating Agents: {A} Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", volume = "2", editor = "Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Wesley:1982:UEB, author = "Leonard P. Wesley and Allen R. Hanson", title = "The Use of an Evidential-Based Model for Representing Knowledge", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computer Vision: {R}epresentation and Control", pages = "14--25", month = Aug, year = "1982", } @InProceedings{Wesson:1977:PWA, author = "Robert B. Wesson", title = "Planning in the World of the Air Traffic Controller", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "473--479", month = aug, year = "1977", } @Article{Wesson:1981:NSD, author = "Robert Wesson and Frederick Hayes-Roth and John W. Burge and Cathleen Statz and Carl A. Sunshine", title = "Network Structures for Distributed Situation Assessment", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "5--23", month = Jan, year = "1981", note = "(Also published in {\it Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence}, Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, editors, pages 71--89, Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.)", } @TechReport{Westbrook:1994:CLI, author = "D. L. Westbrook and S. D. Anderson and D. M. Hart and P. R. Cohen", title = "Common Lisp Instrumentation Package: User Manual", institution = "Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts", type = "Technical Report", year = "1994", number = "94--26", } @Unpublished{Whitehair:1989:APD, author = "Robert C. Whitehair and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Approximate Processing in the {DVMT}", note = "Working paper, COINS, University of Massachusetts", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{Whitehair:1989:RTP, author = "Robert C. Whitehair and Victor R. Lesser", title = "Real-time Processing in the {DVMT}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1989 AAAI Workshop on Real-time AI", year = "1989", location = "Detroit", } @InCollection{Whiteside:1987:UEO, author = "J. Whiteside and J. Bennett", editor = "M. Helander", booktitle = "Handbook of Computer-Human Interaction", title = "Usability Engineering: Our Experience and Evolution", publisher = "North Holland", year = "1987", } @TechReport{Wileden:1981:EED, author = "Jack C. Wileden and Peter C. Bates and Victor R. Lesser", title = "{EDL}: {A}n Event Description Language for Distributed Debugging", number = "81-07", institution = "Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts", address = "Amherst, MA 01003", month = Mar, year = "1981", } @Article{Wilensky:1981:MPR, author = "Robert Wilensky", title = "Meta-planning: {R}epresenting and using knowledge about planning in problem solving and natural language understanding", journal = "Cognitive Science", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "197--233", month = jul # "--" # sep, year = "1981", } @Book{Wilensky:1983:PUC, author = "Robert Wilensky", title = "Planning and Understanding : {A} Computational Approach to Human Reasoning", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, Mass.", year = "1983", abstract = "A study of the interaction among goals in human planning is presented. Positive and negative interactions within an individual planner and between planners is demonstrated.", } @Book{Wilensky:1987:CL, author = "Robert Wilensky", title = "Common Lispcraft", publisher = "Norton", year = "1987", } @Article{Wilkins:1984:DIP, author = "D. Wilkins", title = "Domain-independent Planning: {R}epresentation and Plan Generation", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "22", pages = "269--301", month = Apr, year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Williams:1983:DMF, author = "Thomas L. Williams and Paul J. Orgren and Carl L. Smith", title = "Diagnosis of Multiple Faults in a Nationwide Communication Network", booktitle = "IJCAI", pages = "179--181", year = "1983", abstract = "Williams : Smart Systems Technology. Orgren + Smith : Shell Development Company", } @Book{Williams:1986:CSB, title = "The Compleat Strategyst: Being a Primer on the Theory of Games of Strategy", author = "John Davis Williams", year = "1986", publisher = "Dover", } @Book{Williamson:1975:MHA, author = "Oliver E. Williamson", title = "Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications", publisher = "The Free Press", year = "1975", address = "New York", } @Book{Winston:1977:AI, author = "Patrick Henry Winston", title = "Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1977", } @Book{Winston:1984:L, author = "Patrick Henry Winston and Berthold Klaus Paul Horn", title = "Lisp", edition = "Second", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", year = "1984", } @InProceedings{Wobcke:1995:PRI, title = "Plans and the Revision of Intentions", author = "Wayne Wobcke", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @InProceedings{Woelk:1995:DIA, title = "Developing InfoSleuth Agents Using {R}osette: {A}n Actor Based Language", author = "Darrell Woelk", pages = "", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", } @InProceedings{Woods:1977:SDS, author = "W. A. Woods", title = "Shortfall and Density Scoring Strategies for Speech Understanding Control", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "13--26", month = aug, year = "1977", } @Article{Woods:1983:WIA, author = "W. A. Woods", title = "What's Important about Knowledge Representation", journal = "IEEE Computer", volume = "16", number = "10", month = Oct, year = "1983", pages = "22--27", } @InProceedings{Wooldridge:1996:LBP, title = "A Logic for {BDI} Planning Agents", author = "M. Wooldridge", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes of 3rd ModelAge Workshop: Formal Models of Agents", year = "1996", month = Jan, address = "Sesimbra, Portugal", editor = "Pierre-Yves Schobbens", } @InProceedings{Xiang:1995:DSM, title = "Distributed Scheduling of Multiagent Communication", author = "Y. Xiang", pages = "390--397", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We consider a homogeneous cooperative multiagent system organized as a multiply sectioned Bayesian network (MSBN). Earlier work has shown that (1) multiagent MSBNs can be applied to distributed interpretation tasks; and (2) a distributed communication operation can be used to ensure the global consistency among agents. In this paper, we address the following problem: During a communication operation, each agent is unavailable to process new evidence for a time interval (called off-line time). We consider the minimization of total length of off-line time of the entire system. To concentrate on the factors affecting the off-line time, we abstract communication in MSBNs into a graphical model for off-line time study. Using the model, we present the optimal schedules when communication is initiated from an arbitrarily selected agent. We show now the optimal schedules can be constructed in a distributed fashion.", } @InProceedings{Yager:1995:AMP, title = "Automated Multiagent preference aggragation using fuzzy quantifiers", author = "Ronald R. Yager", pages = "466", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper concerns itself with the problem of aggregation of preference functions associated with a group of agents for the purpose of making a decision. We suggest a formulation for the overall preference function, the negotiation rule, which makes use of concepts drawn from the fuzzy subset literature. In particular we use the idea of a linguistic quantifier to formulate the overall preference function.", } @Article{Yang:1985:ACC, author = "Ju-Yuan D. Yang and Micheal N. Huhns and Larry M. Stephens", title = "An Architecture for Control and Communications in Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", year = "1985", volume = "15", number = "3", pages = "13--23", month = may # "/" # jun, } @InProceedings{Yang:1995:DAC, title = "Definition and Application of a Comprehensive Framework for Distributed Problem Solving", author = "Hongxia Yang and Chengqi Zhang", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @Article{Yannone:1986:ESF, author = "Ronald M. Yannone", title = "Expert Systems in the Fighter of the 1990s", journal = "IEEE AES Magazine", pages = "12--16", month = feb, year = "1986", abstract = "General Electric Co. Aerospace Electronic Systems Dept", } @InProceedings{Yokoo:1990:DCS, author = "Makoto Yokoo and Toru Ishida and Kazuhiro Kuwabara", title = "Distributed Constraint Satisfaction for {DAI} Problems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", address = "Bandara, TX", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @TechReport{Yokoo:1991:DCO, author = "Makoto Yokoo and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Distributed Constraint Optimization as a Formal Model of Partially Adversarial Cooperation", number = "CSE-TR-101-91", institution = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan", address = "Ann Arbor, MI 48109", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @TechReport{Yokoo:1991:DCS, author = "Makoto Yokoo and Edmund H. Durfee and Toru Ishida and Kazuhiro Kuwabara", title = "Distributed Constraint Satisfaction for Formalizing Distributed Problem Solving", number = "CSE-TR-102-91", institution = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan", address = "Ann Arbor, MI 48109", month = Jul, year = "1991", } @InProceedings{Yokoo:1992:DCS, author = "M. Yokoo and E. Durfee and T. Ishida and K. Kuwabara", title = "Distributed Constraint Satisfaction for Formalizing Distributed Problem Solving", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems", pages = "614--621", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{Yokoo:1995:AWC, title = "Asynchronous Weak-commitment Search for Solving Large-Scale Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problems", author = "Makoto Yokoo", pages = "467", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "We present a new algorithm for solving distributed constraint satisfaction problems called asynchronous weak-commitment search. This algorithm removes the common drawback of backtracking algorithms, i.e., one bad decision in value selection becomes fatal when solving large-scale problems, while its completeness is guaranteed. The basic ideas of this algorithm are as follows: (i) bad decisions are revised without an exhaustive search by changing the priority order of agents dynamically, (ii) the probability of bad decisions being made is reduced by selecting values cooperatively using the min-conflict heuristic [Minton et al. 92]. Although these ideas are very simple and domain independent, experimental results indicate that this algorithm can solve large-scale problems, which can not be solved efficiently by backtracking algorithms. These results imply that the algorithm's efficiency can actually be improved by adopting intuitively natural notions, i.e., the fair establishment of the priority order, and the cooperative value selection considering the situations of other agents.", } @InCollection{Yonezawa:1988:OOC, author = "A. Yonezawa and J. Briot and E. Shibayama", title = "Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming in {ABCL/1}", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann", pages = "434--444", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{Youssefmir:1995:RCM, title = "Resource contention in multiagent systems", author = "Michael Youssefmir and Bernardo A. Huberman", pages = "398--403", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The dynamics of resource contention in multiagent systems with imperfect information can be extremely complex. It was shown by Hogg and Huberman that when agents can follow different strategies in a system with resource contention, it is possible to render otherwise unstable and chaotic behavior into equilibrium. In a number of computer experiments we explore this mechanism and find the existence of bursty behavior which sporadically punctuates the existing equilibrium. This phenomenon is shown to arise out of the underlying fluctuations of the multiagent system. This mechanism of equilibria punctuated by bursts of erratic activity appears to be quite general in systems where agents explore strategies in search of local improvements.", } @Article{Zadeh:1983:CKR, author = "Lotfi A. Zadeh", title = "Commonsense Knowledge Representation Based on Fuzzy Logic", journal = "IEEE Computer", pages = "61--64", month = oct, year = "1983", abstract = "Univ. of California, Berkeley", } @InProceedings{Zeng:1996:BLN, author = "Dajun Zeng and Katia Sycara", title = "Bayesian Learning in Negotiation.", pages = "", booktitle = "Working Notes for the AAAI Symposium on Adaptation, Co-evolution and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1996", month = Mar, address = "Stanford University, CA", editor = "Sandip Sen", } @InProceedings{Zhang:1995:CUD, title = "The Consensus of Uncertainties in Distributed Expert Systems", author = "Minjie Zhang and Chengqi Zhang", pages = "468", note = "(poster)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "This paper deals with the consensus of uncertainties in distributed expert systems (DESs). It claims that the different uncertainties of a solution from different expert systems constitute not only a conflict case, but also non-conflict cases. We will refer both the conflict case and non-conflict cases as synthesis cases. The first objective of this paper is to classify the synthesis {\it cases}, identify the {\it types} of DESs, and recognize the {\it relationships} among the different synthesis cases and the different types of DESs. On the basis of this, a computational synthesis strategy is proposed to obtain a consensus of uncertainties in a conflict case. Within this strategy, the conflict case is further classified into two sub-cases, and two corresponding sub-strategies are proposed, in which both uncertainties and authorities are taken into consideration. A synthesis strategy based on neural networks is also proposed in a conflict case. In this strategy, as long as enough patterns have been obtained from human experts, neural networks can be trained to match all patterns. This strategy can simulate human experts reasonably well. Tests have also shown that a fixed neural network architecture can be used to solve conflict problems, with a variable number of inputs and outputs. That means only a small number of neural networks are required to solve all conflicts, thus the neural network can be used in real DESs. Finally, a computational synthesis strategy is compared to a neural network synthesis strategy. Both strategies have advantage and disadvantage and are adapt to different situations.", } @InProceedings{Zhang:1995:NNS, title = "Neural Network Strategies for Solving Synthesis Problems in Non-Conflict Cases in Distributed Expert Systems", author = "Minjie Zhang and Chengqi Zhang", pages = "", booktitle = "First Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1995", address = "Canberra, Australia", editor = "Chengqi Zhang and Dickson Lukose", } @PhdThesis{Zhao:1986:HAS, author = "Wei Zhao", title = "A Heuristic Approach to Scheduling Hard Real-Time Tasks with Resource Requirements in Distributed Systems", school = "University of Massachusetts", month = feb, year = "1986", address = "Amherst, Massachusetts 01003", } @Article{Zhao:1987:PSU, author = "Wei Zhao and Krithi Ramamritham and John A. Stankovic", title = "Preemptive Scheduling Under Time and Resource Constraints", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers", volume = "C-36", number = "8", pages = "949--960", month = aug, year = "1987", } @Article{Zhao:1987:STR, author = "W. Zhao and K. Ramamritham and J. A. Stankovic", title = "Scheduling Tasks with Resource Requirements in Hard Real-time Systems", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering", year = "1987", month = may, } @InCollection{Zisman:1978:UPS, author = "Michael D. Zisman", title = "Use of Production Systems for Modeling Asynchronous, Concurrent Processes.", booktitle = "Pattern-Directed Inference Systems", editor = "D. A. Waterman and Frederick Hayes-Roth", pages = "53--68", publisher = "Academic Press", year = "1978", } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1989:NTS, author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Negotiation and Task Sharing Among Autonomous Agents in Cooperative Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "912--917", month = Aug, year = "1989", abstract = "Game theory is used to analyse the negotiation between agents. The example domain is postmen delivering letters where each postmen receives an arbitrary bag of undelivered letters and must negotiate who carries which letters in order to minimize the time taken.", } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1990:BLPa, author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Blocks, Lies, and Postal Freight: {N}ature of Deception in Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop", month = Oct, year = "1990", } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1990:BLPb, author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Blocks, Lies, and Postal Freight: The Nature of Deception in Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1990", address = "Texas", month = oct, } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1990:NCR, author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Negotiation and Conflict Resolution in Non-Cooperative Domains", booktitle = "Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "100--105", month = Jul, year = "1990", } @Article{Zlotkin:1991:CCR, author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", title = "Cooperation and Conflict Resolution via Negotiation Among Autonomous Agents in Non-Cooperative Domains", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "21", number = "6", month = Dec, year = "1991", note = "(Special Issue on Distributed AI)", } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1991:IID, author = "G. Zlotkin and J. S. Rosenschein", title = "Incomplete Information and Deception in Multi-Agent Negotiation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1991", pages = "225--231", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, } @InProceedings{Zlotkin:1994:CCS, title = "Coalition, Cryptography, and Stability: {M}echanisms for Coalition Formation in Task Oriented Domains", author = "Gilad Zlotkin and Jeffrey S. Rosenschein", pages = "432--437", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = "1994", address = "Seattle, WA", } @Proceedings{Corkill:1986:GGBa, title = "{GBB}: {A} Generic Blackboard Development System", editor = "D. D. Corkill and K. Q. Gallagher and K. E. Murray", year = "1986", address = "Philedelphia", month = Aug, } @Proceedings{Email, title = "{DAI} Group Discussion by {EMAIL}", year = "1991", } @Proceedings{Halpern:1986:TAR, title = "Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the 1986 Conference", year = "1986", editor = "Joseph Y. Halpern", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.", month = mar, } @Proceedings{Hulthage:1994:COD, title = "Computational Organization Design", year = "1994", organization = "AAAI Spring Symposium", editor = "Ingemar Hulthage", note = "Working Notes", } @Proceedings{Mish:1991:WNN, title = "Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary", editor = "Frederick C. Mish", publisher = "Merriam Webster", address = "Springield, MA", year = "1991", } @Proceedings{Prietula:1993:ATG, title = "{AI} and theories of groups \& organizations: Conceptual and Empirical Research", year = "1993", organization = "AAAI Workshop", editor = "Michael Prietula", note = "Workshop Working Notes", } @Proceedings{Sen:1995:WNI, author = "Sandip Sen", title = "Working Notes of the {IJCAI}-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", month = Aug, editor = "Sandip Sen", address = "Montr\'{e}al Quebec", }