abstract = "We demonstrate the first instance of a real on-line
robot learning to develop feasible flying (flapping)
behavior, using evolution. Here we present the
experiments and results of the first use of
evolutionary methods for a flying robot. With nature's
own method, evolution, we address the highly non-linear
fluid dynamics of flying. The flying robot is
constrained in a test bench where timing and movement
of wing flapping is evolved to give maximal lifting
force. The robot is assembled with standard
off-the-shelf R/C servomotors as actuators. The
implementation is a conventional steady-state linear
evolutionary algorithm.",
notes = "GECCO-2002. A joint meeting of the eleventh
International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
(ICGA-2002) and the seventh Annual Genetic Programming
Conference (GP-2002)
Winner of the best-paper award at GECCO-2002, in
Evolutionary Robotics.",