Screen-printed graphite electrode on polyvinyl chloride and parchment strips integrated with genetic programming for in situ nitrate sensing of aquaponic pond water
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- @Article{CONCEPCION:2023:inpa,
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author = "Ronnie Concepcion and Bernardo Duarte and
Maria {Gemel Palconit} and Jonah Jahara Baun and Argel Bandala and
Ryan {Rhay Vicerra} and Elmer Dadios",
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title = "Screen-printed graphite electrode on polyvinyl
chloride and parchment strips integrated with genetic
programming for in situ nitrate sensing of aquaponic
pond water",
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journal = "Information Processing in Agriculture",
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year = "2023",
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ISSN = "2214-3173",
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DOI = "doi:10.1016/j.inpa.2023.02.002",
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URL = "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214317323000124",
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keywords = "genetic algorithms, genetic programming, aquaponic
water quality, electrochemical technology, graphite
electrode, nitrate sensor, precision agriculture,
printed electronics, scanning electron microscopy,
screen-printed electrode, voltammetry",
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abstract = "Nitrate is the primary water-soluble macronutrient
essential for plant growth that is converted from
excess fish feeds, fish effluents, and degrading
biomaterials on the aquaponic pond floor, and when
aquacultural malpractices occur, large amounts of it
retain in the water system causing increase rate in
eutrophication and toxifies fish and aquaculture
plants. Recent nitrate sensor prototypes still require
performing the additional steps of water sample
deionization and dilution and were constructed with
expensive materials. In response to the challenge of
sensor enhancement and aquaponic water quality
monitoring, this study developed sensitive, repeatable,
and reproducible screen-printed graphite electrodes on
polyvinyl chloride and parchment paper substrates with
silver as electrode material and 60:40 graphite
powder:nail polish formulated conductive ink for
electrical traces, integrated with 9-gene genetic
expression model as a function of peak anodic current
and electrochemical test time for nitrate concentration
prediction that is embedded into low-power Arduino
ESP32 for in situ nitrate sensing in aquaponic pond
water. Five SPE electrical traces were designed on the
two types of substrates. Scanning electron microscopy
with energy dispersive X-ray confirmed the electrode
surface morphology. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry
using 10 to 100 mg/L KNO3 and water from three-depth
regions of the actual pond established the
electrochemical test time (10.5 s) and electrode
potential (0.135 V) protocol necessary to produce peak
current that corresponds to the strength of nitrate
ions during redox. The findings from in situ testing
revealed that the proposed sensors have strong linear
predictions (R2=0.968 MSE=1.659 for nSPEv and R2=0.966
MSE=4.697 for nSPEp) in the range of 10 to 100 mg/L and
best detection limit of 3.15 ?g/L, which are comparable
to other sensors of more complex construction. The
developed three-electrode electrochemical nitrate
sensor confirms that it is reliable for both biosensing
in controlled solutions and in situ aquaponic pond
water systems",
- }
Genetic Programming entries for
Ronnie S Concepcion II
Bernardo Duarte
Maria Gemel B Palconit
Jonah Jahara Garcia Baun
Argel A Bandala
Ryan Rhay P Vicerra
Elmer Jose P Dadios
Citations