abstract = "We describe a broad class of problems, called
uncompromising problems, characterised by the
requirement that solutions must perform optimally on
each of many test cases. Many of the problems that have
long motivated genetic programming research, including
the automation of many traditional programming tasks,
are uncompromising. We describe and analyse the
recently proposed lexicase parent selection algorition
and show that it can facilitate the solution of
uncompromising problems by genetic programming. Unlike
most traditional parent selection techniques, lexicase
selection does not base selection on a fitness value
that is aggregated over all test cases; rather, it
considers test cases one at a time in random order. We
present results comparing lexicase selection to more
traditional parent selection methods, including
standard tournament selection and implicit fitness
sharing, on four uncompromising problems: finding terms
in finite algebras, designing digital multipliers,
counting words in files, and performing symbolic
regression of the factorial function. We provide
evidence that lexicase selection maintains higher
levels of population diversity than other selection
methods, which may partially explain its utility as a
parent selection algorithm in the context of
uncompromising problems.",