abstract = "Tumour markers are substances that are found in blood,
urine, or body tissues and that are used as indicators
for tumors; elevated tumor marker values can indicate
the presence of cancer, but there can also be other
causes. We have used a medical database compiled at the
blood laboratory of the General Hospital Linz, Austria:
Several blood values of thousands of patients are
available as well as several tumor markers. We have
used several data based modelling approaches for
identifying mathematical models for estimating selected
tumor marker values on the basis of routinely available
blood values; in detail, estimators for the tumor
markers AFP, CA-125, CA15-3, CEA, CYFRA, and PSA have
been identified and are analysed. The documented tumour
marker values are classified as normal or elevated; our
goal is to design classifiers for the respective binary
classification problems. As we show in the results
section, for those medical modeling tasks described
here, genetic programming performs best among those
techniques that are able to identify nonlinearities; we
also see that GP results show less overfitting than
those produced using other methods.",
notes = "Also known as \cite{1830826} Distributed on CD-ROM at
GECCO-2010.