abstract = "Failures that are not related to a specific fault can
reduce the effectiveness of fault localization in
multi-fault scenarios. To tackle this challenge,
researchers and practitioners typically cluster
failures (e.g., failed test cases) into several
disjoint groups, with those caused by the same fault
grouped together. In such a fault isolation process
that requires input in a mathematical form,
ranking-based failure proximity (R-proximity) is widely
used to model failed test cases. In Rproximity, each
failed test case is represented as a suspiciousness
ranking list of program statements through a
fingerprinting function (i.e., a risk evaluation
formula, REF). Although many off-the-shelf REFs have
been integrated into R-proximity, they were designed
for single-fault localization originally. To the best
of our knowledge, no REF has been developed to serve as
a fingerprinting function of R proximity in multi-fault
scenarios. For better clustering failures in fault
isolation",