abstract = "Structural changes usually refer to the changes in
some parameters or in the structure of a chosen model
that is postulated to describe the operation of a data
generating process. However, the structure of the
underlying data generating process may not necessarily
be equivalent to a model. It may be a pattern or an
operating mechanism identifiable by certain cognitive
processes. Accordingly, structural changes are changes
to the operating mechanism of the underlying system.
This paper considers the application of genetic
programming to the cognition of the operating mechanism
of a dynamic system. Based on the knowledge accumulated
in the cognition process, a diagnostic statistic is
defined to detect structural changes in the system.
This approach is model free since it is performed
without reference to model specification. The
effectiveness of the model-free approach is empirically
illustrated through an application to four stock
markets, namely the Greater-China markets.",