Created by W.Langdon from gp-bibliography.bib Revision:1.8081
We change one change each in struction to a NoOperation (NOP) and if this doesn't make any difference for any of the fitness cases then we call it an (first order) intron. For the tree-based-GP we look at what values that come in to each node and what values that propagates upwards from each node. If one value into the node is the same as one value out from the node *for all fitness cases* then the other sub-trees under the node are introns.
The tree run was symbolic regression of a 3rd order polynomial",
Genetic Programming entries for Peter Nordin Wolfgang Banzhaf Frank D Francone