abstract = "Single Node Genetic Programming (SNGP) offers a new
approach to GP in which every member of the population
consists of just a single program node. Operands are
formed from other members of the population, and
evolution is driven by a hill-climbing approach using a
single reversible operator. When the functions being
used in the problem are free from side effects, it is
possible to make use of a form of dynamic programming,
which provides huge efficiency gains. In this research
we turn our attention to the use of SNGP when the
solution of problems relies on the presence of side
effects. We demonstrate that SNGP can still be superior
to conventional GP, and examine the role of
evolutionary strategies in achieving this.",